This website provides data sets and related information of the series of Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS). First version of REAS (REASv1.1) were developed by Ohara et al. (2007), which accounted for actual emissions during 1980-2003 and projected ones in 2010 and 2020. The inventory was updated by Kurokawa et al. (2013) as REASv2.1 for the period between 2000-2008 and datasets of Regional Emission inventory in Asia for Persistent Organic Pollutants (REAS-POP) 1.0 focusing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Northeast Asia were also developed (Inomata et al., 2012). The current latest version REASv3.2.1 (Please see "Remarks for update information") provides a long historical emission inventory during 1950-2015 in Asian region (Kurokawa and Ohara, 2020).
Remarks for update information
23-December-2021- REASv3.2.1 has been released as revision of REASv3.2 due to following errors in gridded data (details of the errors in REASv3.2 are described here):
- NMVOC emission grid maps showing differences between REASv3.2 (released on 29 October 2020) and REASv3.2.1 are available here.
- Except for revisions described above, there is no difference between REASv3.2 and REASv3.2.1.
- - Inappropriate spatial and temporal allocation factors were used for NMVOC emissions from non-combustion sources.
- - Latitude and longitude information of one power plant was wrong.
29-October-2020
- Data sets of REASv3.2 including gridded data and country and regional emission tables have been newly released.
- Note that differences between REASv3.1 released on 4 December 2019 and REASv3.2 were described in a supplement material of Kurokawa and Ohara (2020) entitled "Differences between REASv3.2 and REASv3.1".
4-December-2019
- Data sets of REASv3.1 including gridded data and country and regional emission tables have been newly released. Note that the overview paper of REASv3.1 is under review and thus, there is a possibility that current data sets of REASv3.1 will be revised during the revision processes.
14-November-2013
- Gridded emissions for industry sector have been updated using the location and annual capacities of corresponding plants in each country and region. Data sets in the download table gGridded Data Setsh have not been updated but new table gUpdated Gridded Data Sets for Industry Sectorh were added.
- Errors both in the gridded and table data for CO2 emissions in China have been corrected.
@General Information
REASv3.2
Species: SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, and CO2
Years: 1950-2015
Area: East, Southeast, and South Asia.
Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors; Industrial process; Agricultural activities (fertilizer application and livestock); and Others (fugitive emissions, solvent use, human, etc.)
* Emissions from international and domestic aviation and navigation, including fishing ships as well as NOx emissions from soil are not included.
Spatial resolution: 0.25 degree by 0.25 degree
Temporal resolution: Monthly
Notes:
NMVOC emissions from evaporative sources were obtained from Ministry of Environment of Japan (MOEJ, 2017) and National Air Pollution Emission Service of National Institute of Environmental Research for Japan and the Republic of Korea, respectively. For NH3 emissions from agricultural activities, data of base year (2000 and 2005 for Japan and 2000 for others) were obtained from the other research works also used in REASv2.1.
REASv2.1
Species: SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, CH4, N2O, and CO2
Years: 2000-2008
Area:
East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia. Asian part of Russia (Far East, Eastern and Western Siberia, and Ural)
Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors; Industrial process; Agricultural activities (fertilizer application and livestock); and Others (fugitive emissions, solvent use, human, etc.)
Spatial resolution: 0.25 degree by 0.25 degree
Temporal resolution: Monthly
Japan:
Emissions except for the maritime sector were from the Japan Auto-Oil Program (JATOP) Emission Inventory-Data Base (JEI-DB) developed by JPEC (2012a, 2012b, 2012c). Emissions from the maritime sector were taken from the database developed by the Ocean Policy Research Foundation (OPRF, 2012). The maritime emission data were developed under the project named ethe comprehensive project of assessment for improving the air quality by establishment of the emission control areas (ECA) in Japanf, which is supported from the grant by the Nippon Foundation derived from revenues from motorboat racing. NMVOC evaporative emissions from stationary sources in Japan were from data developed by Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ, 2009).
Korea, Rep. of:
Emissions relied on the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) developed by Lee et al. (2011). Data were taken from the National Air Pollutants Emission website maintained by the National Institute of Environment Research-Korea.
Taiwan:
Emissions data sets were obtained from the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan at its website.
EDGAR 4.2:
Datasets for aviation (both domestic and international at altitude less than 1km) and international navigation were taken from EDGAR 4.2 (EC-JRC/PBL, 2011). Emissions related to agricultural activities for Asian Russia and Central Asia were also obtained from EDGAR 4.2.
REAS-POPv1.0
Species:
fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr) benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP))
Years: 2005
Area: Northeast Asia (China, Far East Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan, Japan)
Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and
domestic sectors; Industrial process; and Open biomass burning*
*Fuel consumption rates were derived from REAS 1.11. PAH emission from open biomass burning was estimated using the burned area, the BC emission rate, and the PAH and BC emission factors. The burned area and the BC emission rate were derived from GFEDv3.
Spatial resolution: 0.5 degree by 0.5 degree
Temporal resolution: Monthly
Contact information:
kurokawa(at)acap.asia
tohara(at)nies.go.jp
@Data Sets
REASv3.2.1
- - Inappropriate spatial and temporal allocation factors were used for NMVOC emissions from non-combustion sources.
- - Latitude and longitude information of one power plant was wrong.
Overview Paper
Kurokawa, J. and Ohara, T.: Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12761-12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020, 2020.Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)
Country and Regional Tables (Information for Data)
REASv3.2_SECTOR_1950-2015
REASv3.2_FUEL_1950-2015
REASv2.1
Overview Paper
Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, T., and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019-11058, 2013.Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)
| S02 | NOx | CO | PM10 | PM2.5 | BC | OC | NMV | NH3 | CH4 | N2O | CO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | ||||||||||||
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| 2008 |
Updated Gridded Data Sets for Industry Sector (see Remarks above)
| S02 | NOx | CO | PM10 | PM2.5 | BC | OC | NMV | NH3 | CH4 | N2O | CO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000-2008 |
Country and Regional Tables (Information for Data)
| S02 | NOx | CO | PM10 | PM2.5 | BC | OC | NMV | NH3 | CH4 | N2O | CO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 2008 |
REAS-POPv1.0
Overview Paper
Inomata, Y., Kajino, M., Sato, K., Ohara, T., Kurokawa, J., Ueda, H., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K., Ohizumi, T., and Akimoto, H.: Emission and atmospheric transport of particulate PAHs in Northeast Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4941-4949, 2012Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)
| Flu | Pyr | BaA | Chr | BaP | BbF | BkF | BghiP | IcdP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 |
REASv1.11
Overview Paper
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419-4444, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.@References
REASv3.2
REASv2.1
EC-JRC/PBL (European Commission, Joint Research Center/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2, 2011.
JPEC (Japan Petroleum Energy Center): Emission inventory of road transport in Japan, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-06, 136pp [in Japanese], 2012a.
JPEC: Emission inventory of sources other than road transport in Japan, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-07, 288pp [in Japanese], 2012b.
JPEC: Speciation profiles of VOC, PM, and NOx emissions for atmospheric simulations of PM2.5, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-08, 69pp [in Japanese], 2012c.
MOEJ (Ministry of Environment of Japan): Report on Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Inventory Compiled [in Japanese], 2009.
OPRF (Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Ship and Ocean Fundation)): Report for comprehensive study for environmental impact lead by the establishment of emission control area in Japan, ISBN978-4-88404-282-0, 524pp [in Japanese], 2012.
REAS-POPv1.0
REASv1.11
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419-4444, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007. |
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