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[(highlighted)-457.3(by)-457.2(a)-463(widely)-458.2(cited)-457.3(de nition)-460.6(of)-457.2(presence)-462.5(as)-458.2(a)]TJ
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[(psychological)-375.1(state)-376.5(that)-368.7(virtual)-377.8(entities)-374.3(are)-368.5(perceived)-377.5(to)-370.9(be)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(actual)-465.4(ones.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 110.7212 663.7605 Tm
(7)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 118.9417 659.3951 Tm
[(Depending)-462.5(on)-463(the)-459.6(nature)-464(of)-457.2(virtual)-464.2(entities,)]TJ
-5.7827 -1.1116 TD
[(presence)-376.1(can)-368.5(be)-366.2(classi ed)-376(into)-367.5(four)-367.2(types:)-370.7(spatial)-373.1(presence)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(\(entities)-496.3(representing)-500.5(spatial)-494(environment\),)-498.5(physical)-495(pres-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ence)-272.8(\(entities)-277.5(representing)-275.9(physical)-270.4(objects\),)-273.8(social)-273.9(presence)]TJ
T*
[(\(entities)-335.1(representing)-333.5(other)-329.3(humans\),)-335.9(and)-327(self-presence)-336.6(\(en-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(tities)-359.4(representing)-356.5(users)-357.6(thems)-7.8(elves\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 210.444 608.9951 Tm
(9)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 217.644 604.5731 Tm
[(In)-353.5(this)-355.8(classi cation,)]TJ
-15.8104 -1.1116 TD
[(copresence)-362.2(involves)-361.4(properties)-364.7(of)-359.3(both)-355.9(social)-360.3(presence)-364.6(and)]TJ
T*
[(spatial)-338.5(presence.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 128.1826 587.0549 Tm
(10)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 138.8409 582.6896 Tm
[(Copresence)-339(includes)-333.7(social)-337.3(presence)-335.8(be-)]TJ
-7.8044 -1.1116 TD
[(cause)-383.2(the)-384.7(objects)-384.5(that)-386(users)-380.6(perceive)-387.9(being)-381.2(with)-385.7(are)-385.7(social)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(entities.)-245.3(Copresence)-241.1(also)-241.6(has)-240.4(the)-240.7(property)-240.4(of)-244.1(spatial)-240.6(presence)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(because)-329(the)-327.1(social)-325.8(entities)-328.2(that)-328.4(users)-328.8(perceive)-330.3(they)-322.5(are)-328.1(with)]TJ
T*
[(are)-431.8(spatially)-438.8(located.)-429.6(Thus,)-435.1(one)-430.7(property)-430.5(of)-434.1(copresence)-437.1(is)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(whether)-391.2(users)-392.1(perceive)-393.7(social)-389.1(entities)-391.6(in)-388.2(a)-388.2(spatial)-390.4(environ-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ment)-300.7(as)-302.7(real)-300.6(social)-308.5(entities)-299.4(in)-301.8(a)-301.8(real)-300.6(spatial)-304(environment.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Users)-353.8(psychological)-352.1(immersion)-353.4(in)-353.7(the)-350.2(virtual)-349.1(characters)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(may)-253.4(be)-256.8(another)-252(important)-254.6(component)-255.5(of)-255.6(copresence)-258.5(because)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(it)-422.9(indicates)-428.3(that)-420.5(users)-422(subjective)-429.4(experience)-425.9(of)-422.6(being)-421.5(im-)]TJ
T*
[(mersed)-395.8(in)-394(social)-394.9(entities)-391.6(that)-397.5(are)-391.5(represented)-396.8(in)-394(the)-396.2(media)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(interface.)-519.3(In)-514.8(fact,)-517.1(Lombard)-518.1(and)-511.3(Ditton)-520.5(argue)-514.7(that)-512.7(users)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(psychological)-323.3(immersion)-318.8(in)-319.1(virtual)-314.5(characters)-327.7(should)-317.6(be)-314.4(re-)]TJ
T*
[(garded)-515.8(as)-515.8(being)-513.7(as)-510(impor)-6.8(tant)-512.7(as)-515.8(the)-511.4(technologically)-517.2(im-)]TJ
T*
[(mersive)-304.9(features)-305.9(of)-295.9(media.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 168.3212 433.644 Tm
(11)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 418.2802 Tm
[(Large)-394.9(display)-394.8(size)-398.3(and)-396.1(stereoscopic)-397.9(mode)-398.5(of)-393.8(the)-396.3(virtual)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(characters)-275.9(on)-272.9(a)-273(display)-273.9(are)-276.3(expected)-272.8(to)-273(increase)-278.3(users)-272.3(sense)]TJ
T*
[(of)-261.4(copresence.)-267.7(In)-267.1(fact,)-263.7(display)-262.4(size)-265.8(is)-261.3(a)-267.2(well-known)-261.8(factor)-268.2(of)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(media)-245.3(features)-248.3(that)-242(has)-240.4(an)-245.3(impact)-240.8(on)-244.1(media)-245.3(usage.)-241.5(Enlarging)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(screen)-309.4(size)-311.9(increases)-313.8(the)-304.1(amount)-308.6(of)-307.4(sensory)-313.7(information)-308.6(for)]TJ
T*
[(media)-297.2(users.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 111.7984 367.8802 Tm
(12)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 122.0598 363.5149 Tm
[(A)-295.7(larger)-297(display)-291.2(size)-300.4(is)-290.1(likely)-296.1(to)-296.1(attract)-293.8(more)]TJ
-6.0995 -1.1174 TD
[(visual)-215.2( eld)-212.9(by)-209.5(providing)-217.5(more)-214.1(pictures)-212.8(that)-213.2(can)-213(be)-216.5(seen)-213.9(in)-209.7(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(perimeter)-602.3(of)-595.4(vision.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 146.4377 345.9401 Tm
(13)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 159.7039 341.5747 Tm
[(Indeed,)-594.1(much)-600(empirical)-596.7(evidence)]TJ
-9.924 -1.1116 TD
[(supports)-342.6(that)-339.9(a)-342.1(larger)-343.1(display)-337.2(can)-345.4(induce)-337.4(a)-342.1(greater)-345.3(sense)-341.5(of)]TJ
T*
(presence.)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 99.0425 324.0566 Tm
(14,15)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 118.7149 319.6913 Tm
[(Thus,)-314.1(as)-308.4(a)-307.5(subtyp)-6.5(e)-307.5(o)0(f)-307.4(presence,)-316.2(copresence)-316.1(is)]TJ
-5.7597 -1.1174 TD
[(expected)-451.3(to)-440.1(be)-446.9(maximized)-448.1(when)-444.2(display)-446.7(size)-444.4(becomes)-450(as)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(enlarged)-306.1(as)-302.7(actual)-298.3(human)-301.6(size.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(This)-460.6(study)-466.2(predicts)-466.2(two)-459.3(separate)-468.4(hypotheses)-468.1(instead)-465.1(of)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(one.)-318.9(One)-316.4(is)-313.2(associated)-320.8(with)-316.6(the)-321.4(sense)-318.5(of)-313.2(being)-317.8(together)-316.6(and)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(th)20.7(e)-353.6(o)0(t)20.7(h)0(e)13.9(r)-352.4(wi)19.8(th)-342.1(ps)21(yc)19.7(ho)15.1(lo)20.7(gi)20.7(ca)18.5(l)-352.6(i)0(m)19.5(m)0(e)18.4(r)0(s)21.1(i)0(o)15(n)-352.4(or)-342(im)19.5(me)18.4(rs)21.1(iv)20.7(e)-353.6(e)0(x)13.9(p)0(e)19.7(-)]TJ
T*
[(ri)20.7(en)19.7(ce)12.8(s.)-419(Al)19.8(th)20.7(ou)15.1(gh)-416.9(th)20.7(e)-434.2(s)0(e)19.9(n)0(s)15.3(e)-428.5(of)-422.6(be)19.7(in)20.7(g)-433.1(t)0(o)20.7(g)0(e)19.7(t)0(h)15(e)0(r)-418(a)0(n)19.7(d)-433.1(ps)21(yc)13.9(ho)20.8(-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(lo)20.7(gi)20.7(ca)12.8(l)-439(i)0(m)19.5(m)0(e)18.4(r)0(s)21.1(i)0(o)15(n)-438.8(ar)19.7(e)-445.8(t)0(h)20.7(e)-445.8(co)19.7(mp)19.6(on)20.8(en)19.7(ts)-434.1(of)-434.1(co)19.7(pr)20.9(es)19.9(en)19.7(ce)18.5(,)-446.9(t)0(h)20.7(e)0(y)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ma)18.4(y)-237.2(r)0(e)19.7(p)0(r)15.1(e)0(s)19.9(e)0(n)19.7(t)-237.4(di)20.7(ff)15.1(er)19.7(en)19.7(t)-237.4(p)0(s)21(y)0(c)19.7(h)0(o)15.1(l)0(o)20.7(g)0(i)20.7(c)0(a)18.5(l)-237.4(pr)20.9(oc)13.9(es)19.9(se)19.9(s.)-229(Th)19.6(e)-238.4(s)0(e)19.9(n)0(s)15.3(e)-238.4(of)]TJ
T*
[(be)19.7(in)20.7(g)-323.6(t)0(o)20.7(g)0(e)19.7(t)0(h)20.7(e)0(r)-308.6(r)0(e)14(p)0(r)20.9(e)0(s)19.9(e)0(n)19.7(t)0(s)-313.2(t)0(h)20.7(e)-319(pe)19.7(rc)19.7(ep)19.7(ti)14.8(on)-307.5(of)-307.4(vi)20.7(rt)15(ua)19.7(l)-318(o)0(b)20.8(j)0(e)19.5(c)0(t)19.6(s)-323.4(as)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(ac)18.5(tu)20.7(al)13.8(,)-389.3(w)0(h)20(e)0(r)13.9(e)0(a)18.5(s)-392.6(ps)21(yc)19.7(ho)15.1(lo)20.7(gi)20.7(ca)18.5(l)-392.9(i)0(m)19.5(m)0(e)18.4(r)0(s)15.3(i)0(o)20.7(n)-392.8(re)19.7(pr)20.9(es)14.1(en)19.7(ts)-382.3(th)20.7(e)-399.7(d)0(e)19.7(-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(gr)20.9(ee)-286.7(of)-284.4(pa)19.7(yi)20.7(ng)-284.4(at)13.8(te)19.6(nt)20.7(io)20.7(n)-294.8(t)0(o)-284.5(t)0(h)20.7(e)-296(ob)20.8(je)19.6(ct)19.5(s.)-286.6(Ba)18.6(se)19.9(d)-294.8(o)0(n)-284.4(t)0(h)20.7(i)0(s)-284.4(r)0(e)19.7(a)0(s)14.1(o)0(n)20.8(-)]TJ
T*
[(in)20.7(g,)-281(th)20.7(e)-290.2(f)0(o)15.1(l)0(l)20.6(o)0(w)20(i)0(n)20.7(g)-289.1(hy)15.1(po)20.8(th)20.7(es)19.9(es)-285.4(ar)19.7(e)-290.2(f)0(o)20.9(r)0(m)19.6(a)0(l)19.5(l)0(y)-284.5(f)0(o)20.9(r)0(m)19.6(u)0(l)20.7(a)0(t)19.5(e)0(d)19.7(:)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 70.9795 165.7133 Tm
[(H1a:)-257.1(Viewers)-262.6(who)-257.7(watch)-261.6(the)-261.7(virtual)-254.5(character)-265.9(on)-256.6(an)-256.6(actual)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(human)-379.8(size)-377(screen)-378.1(will)-382.5(have)-378.6(a)-374.6(stronger)-379.7(sense)-375.4(of)-378.5(being)-376(to-)]TJ
T*
[(gether)-357.7(with)-351(the)-358.9(virtual)-351.7(character)-356.6(than)-349.9(viewers)-357.5(who)-354.9(watch)]TJ
T*
[(the)-300.6(virtual)-299.8(character)-304.7(on)-295.5(a)-303.3(small)-298.4(screen.)]TJ
0 -2.5071 TD
[(H1b:)-256.9(Viewers)-249.7(who)-257.7(watch)-248.7(the)-255.2(virtual)-254.5(character)-252.9(on)-256.6(an)-250.2(actual)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(human)-360.3(size)-357.6(screen)-358.7(will)-356.6(have)-359.1(a)-355.1(stronger)-360.3(immersive)-359.4(experi-)]TJ
T*
[(ence)-264.3(with)-253.9(the)-261.7(virtual)-261(character)-259.4(than)-259.2(viewers)-260.4(who)-257.7(watch)-261.6(the)]TJ
T*
[(virtual)-299.8(character)-304.7(on)-295.5(a)-303.3(small)-298.4(screen.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 67.6346 Tm
[(Stereoscopic)-472.8(display)-469.7(mode)-467.6(is)-462.9(also)-472(expected)-468.6(to)-468.9(amplify)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(users)-370.2(sense)-376.1(of)-365(copresence)-379.5(with)-368.4(the)-367.5(virtual)-372.1(character.)-376.3(As)-371.5(a)]TJ
25.504 67.9184 TD
[(way)-414.3(of)-411.1(increasing)-417.7(the)-413.5(amount)-412.3(of)-411.1(sensory)-411.6(information)-418(that)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(users)-225.1(receive,)-223.2(stereoscopy)-222.7(is)-221(a)-215.4(technique)-221(that)-224.7(presents)-218.2(at)-222.4(least)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(two)-419(views)-416.4(of)-416.9(the)-419.3(same)-416.7(scene)-417.7(to)-417(each)-416.8(eye)-420.3(so)-416.7(that)-414.8(viewers)]TJ
T*
[(experience)-316.4(the)-309.9(illusion)-308.6(of)-313.2(depth)-306.3(and)-309.7(3D)-314.1(imaging.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 510.2361 696.6423 Tm
(16)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 520.6676 692.277 Tm
[(In)-307.4(other)]TJ
-21.092 -1.1116 TD
[(words,)-395.5(stereoscopic)-392.1(display)-394.8(is)-388(an)-389.3(illusory)-389.1(technique)-393.8(of)-388.1(3D)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(imaging)-304.1(that)-299.6(provides)-297.9(visual)-301.6(information)-302.8(via)-298.3(more)-300.5(than)-299.4(two)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(visual)-347.7(channels.)-344(Based)-342.7(on)-342(the)-344.4(function)-344.3(of)-336.2(stereo)-8.8(scopy,)-338.2(it)-342.3(is)]TJ
T*
[(reasonable)-263.2(to)-250(predict)-257.9(that)-253.5(stereoscopic)-259.6(mode)-254.5(should)-248.5(increase)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(the)-355.9(two)-349.9(components)-354.3(of)-347.7(copres)-8.7(ence)-347.7(\(i.e.,)-354.7(the)-350.2(sense)-353(of)-353.5(being)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(together)-477.9(and)-471(immersive)-475.5(experience\))-478.8(as)-469.7(stated)-475.5(by)-468.7(the)-476.9(fol-)]TJ
T*
[(lowing)-307.2(hypotheses:)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 322.0724 596.1259 Tm
[(H2a:)-308.9(Viewers)-314.5(who)-316(watch)-313.4(the)-313.5(virtual)-312.8(character)-317.7(in)-313.7(a)-309.8(stereo-)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(scopic)-329.2(display)-337.2(will)-330.7(have)-333.2(a)-329.2(stronger)-334.3(sense)-336.5(of)-333.1(being)-330.6(together)]TJ
T*
[(with)-526(the)-527.3(virtual)-526.6(character)-531.5(than)-531.3(viewers)-526(who)-529.8(watch)-527.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(virtual)-299.8(character)-298.3(in)-300.7(a)-296.8(monoscopic)-302.3(display.)]TJ
0 -2.2804 TD
[(H2b:)-302.3(Viewers)-314.5(who)-303.1(watch)-307(the)-313.5(virtual)-306.3(character)-304.7(in)-313.7(a)-303.3(stereo-)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(scopic)-413.4(display)-414.9(will)-421.4(have)-411(a)-419.9(stronger)-418.6(immersive)-411.3(experience)]TJ
T*
[(with)-526(the)-527.3(virtual)-526.6(character)-531.5(than)-531.3(viewers)-526(who)-529.8(watch)-527.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(virtual)-299.8(character)-298.3(in)-300.7(a)-296.8(monoscopic)-302.3(display.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 500.9951 Tm
[(However,)-343.5(in)-336.4(previous)-338.2(studies,)-334.7(stereoscopic)-346(display)-337.2(mode)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(was)-477.4(found)-472(to)-474.6(affect)-476.7(presence)-479.8(inconsistently.)-476.5(While)-475.7(many)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(studie)-7.8(s)-409.8(found)-414.4(that)-414.8(a)-417(stereoscopic)-415.1(display)-417.9(generated)-417.8(higher)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(sense)-410.6(of)-399.6(presence)-410.7(than)-403.1(a)-405.4(monoscopic)-406.2(display,)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 501.0518 472.4786 Tm
(1720)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 523.5022 468.1133 Tm
[(a)-405.4(more)]TJ
-21.38 -1.1116 TD
[(recen)-9(t)-329.5(study)-333.7(did)-331.7(not)-337.5( nd)-331.4(the)-332.9(same)-336.1(direction)-335.1(of)-336.2(the)-332.9(effect.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 544.762 461.5369 Tm
(21)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 313.0582 446.1731 Tm
[(One)-391.2(possible)-384.2(reason)-388.8(for)-389.1(this)-384.6(inconsistent)-390.1(result)-387.9(can)-385.8(be)-389.3(ex-)]TJ
T*
[(plained)-488.3(by)-480.3(problem)-488.3(dosage.)-484.5(Small)-486.1(screen)-487.9(size)-484.7(might)-479.3(not)]TJ
T*
[(present)-372.8(enough)-370.6(sensory)-371.3(information)-371.9(for)-371.9(a)-370.9(stereoscopic)-374.8(dis-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(play)-287.9(so)-278.5(that)-288.1(it)-278.9(would)-283(not)-285.7(have)-283.2(induced)-286.6(the)-281.1(experience)-287.6(of)-284.4(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(illusion)-395(of)-393.8(depth)-392.7(and)-390.4(3D)-389(imaging.)-393.9(In)-393.8(this)-390.4(sense,)-396.8(enlarging)]TJ
T*
[(displa)-7.8(y)-243(size,)-246.2(particularly)-253.3(to)-244.2(actual)-246.5(human)-249.8(size,)-246.2(should)-242.7(have)-248.6(a)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(more)-427.2(prominent)-427.2(effect)-430.6(of)-422.6(stereoscopic)-432.4(display)-423.6(on)-422.7(the)-425.1(two)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(components)-267.9(of)-261.4(copresence)-264.3(compared)-261.2(to)-261.5(a)-261.4(small)-261.4(size)-265.9(display.)]TJ
T*
[(Thus,)-302.6(we)-303.7(propose)-302.4(the)-298.3(following)-304.9(hypotheses:)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 322.0724 338.1165 Tm
[(H3a:)-302.4(The)-304.4(effect)-309.7(of)-300.7(a)-303.3(stereoscopic)-309.7(display)-304.8(mode)-304.7(on)-302(the)-307(par-)]TJ
0 -1.0301 TD
[(ticipants)-259.3(sense)-265.2(of)-261.8(being)-265.8(together)-263.2(with)-260.3(the)-261.7(virtual)-267.5(character)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(will)-350.1(be)-355(more)-357.9(salient)-356.5(when)-354.7(the)-352.4(screen)-358.7(is)-357.6(actual)-354.1(human)-353.8(size)]TJ
T*
[(than)-298(when)-296.4(the)-300.6(screen)-306.9(is)-299.3(small.)]TJ
0 -2.2739 TD
[(H3b:)-535.5(The)-537.7(effect)-536.4(of)-533.9(a)-536.5(stereoscopic)-542.9(display)-531.6(mode)-537.9(on)-535.2(the)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(participants)-392.9(immersive)-391.8(experience)-395.5(with)-396.4(the)-391.3(virtual)-397(char-)]TJ
0 -1.0301 TD
[(acter)-294.3(will)-291.8(be)-296.7(more)-293.1(salient)-291.8(when)-296.4(the)-294.1(screen)-293.9(is)-292.8(actual)-295.8(human)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(size)-299.3(than)-298(when)-302.9(the)-300.5(screen)-300.4(is)-299.3(small.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 242.929 Tm
(Methods)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
0 -1.8336 TD
[(Research)-287.2(design,)-283.3(stimuli,)-288.1(participants,)-287(and)-285.1(procedures)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 210.1039 Tm
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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