Bewertung von IT-Investitionen mit dem Realoptionsansatz | WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK Skip to main content
Log in

Bewertung von IT-Investitionen mit dem Realoptionsansatz

Valuation of IT Investments Using Real Options Theory

  • State of the Art
  • Published:
WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK

Zusammenfassung

Zur Bewertung von IT-Investitionen findet der Realoptionsansatz in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur häufig Anwendung. Die Anwendung des Realoptionsansatzes beinhaltet oftmals eine monetäre Bewertung von Realoptionen anhand von Optionsbewertungsverfahren, welche wiederum auf restriktiven Annahmen beruhen und dadurch Kritik ausgesetzt sind. Daher untersucht dieser Beitrag die Anwendung von Optionsbewertungsverfahren zur Bewertung von IT-Investitionen. Mittels einer strukturierten Literaturanalyse wird herausgearbeitet, welche Arten von IT-Investitionen als Grundlage für die Optionsbewertung in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur dienen. Die so identifizierten Arten von IT-Investitionen werden anschließend daraufhin untersucht, inwieweit deren Eigenschaften mit den teilweise sehr restriktiven Annahmen klassischer Optionsbewertungsverfahren kompatibel sind. Auf dieser Basis wird analysiert, ob und wie die identifizierten Beiträge die Annahmen der klassischen Optionsbewertung adressieren. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass kritische Annahmen in der Modellierung oftmals nicht berücksichtigt werden, obwohl deren Nichterfüllung diskutiert wird und damit bekannt ist. Die Erfüllung der Annahmen hängt dabei auch von den Eigenschaften der bewerteten Art der IT-Investition ab. Ferner gibt es zahlreiche Erweiterungen klassischer Optionsbewertungsverfahren, durch deren Anwendung kritische Annahmen relaxiert werden können. Die in diesem Beitrag abgeleiteten Ergebnisse sollen Forschern aufzeigen, bei welcher Art von IT-Investition welche Annahmen der klassischen Optionsbewertung kritisch sein können und welche Möglichkeiten der Relaxierung dieser Annahmen existieren.

Abstract

Real Options Theory is often applied when evaluating IT investments. The application of Real Options Theory is generally accompanied by a monetary valuation of real options through option pricing models which in turn are based on restrictive assumptions and thus subject to criticism. Therefore, this paper analyzes the application of option pricing models to the valuation of IT investments. A structured literature review reveals the types of IT investments which are valued with Real Options Theory in scientific literature. These types of IT investments are further investigated and their main characteristics are compared to the restrictive assumptions of traditional option pricing models. This analysis serves as a basis for further discussion on how the identified papers address these assumptions. The results show that a great deal of papers do not account for critical assumptions, although it is known that the assumptions are not fulfilled. Moreover, the type of IT investment determines the criticality of the assumptions. Additionally, several extensions or adaptions of traditional option pricing models can be found which provide the possibility to relax critical assumptions. Researchers can profit from the results derived in this paper in two ways: First, is is demonstrated which assumptions can be critical for which type of IT investments. Second, extensions of option pricing models that relax critical assumptions are introduced.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Notes

  1. Hier sind die Annahmen des BSM dargestellt, welche sich lediglich hinsichtlich (A2) von den Annahmen des BM unterscheiden. Verringert man die Zeitintervalle des BM, so lässt sich der Binomialprozess des BM in den kontinuierlichen Prozess des BSM überführen (Trigeorgis 1996, S. 83).

  2. Im Folgenden soll Annahme (A5) nicht weiter betrachtet werden, da diese nicht realoptionsspezifisch ist und für verschiedene Kapitalmarktmodelle (wie bspw. das Capital Asset Pricing Model) benötigt wird.

  3. Für eine Herleitung der Formeln zur Optionsbewertung sei auf Standardliteratur wie bspw. Franke und Hax (2003) oder Perridon et al. (2009) verwiesen.

Literatur

  • Angelou GN, Economides AA (2008) A decision analysis framework for prioritizing a portfolio of ICT infrastructure projects. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 55(3):479–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian P, Kulatilaka N, Storck J (2000) Managing information technology investments using a real-options approach. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 9(1):39–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banker R, Wattal S, Plehn-Dujowich JM (2010) Real options in information systems – a revised framework. In: Proc 31st international conference on information systems, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Benaroch M (2002) Managing information technology investment risk: a real options perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems 19(2):43–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan I, Bagchi S, Sougstad R (2004) Prioritizing a portfolio of information technology investment projects. Journal of Management Information Systems 21(2):33–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Benaroch M, Kauffman RJ (1999) A case for using real options pricing analysis to evaluate information technology project investments. Information Systems Research 10(1):70–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benaroch M, Kauffman RJ (2000) Justifying electronic banking network expansion using real options analysis. MIS Quarterly 24(2):197–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benaroch M, Lichtenstein Y, Robinson K (2006) Real options in information technology risk management: an empirical validation of risk-option relationships. MIS Quarterly 30(4):827–864

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernroider E, Koch S (2000) Entscheidungsfindung bei der Auswahl betrieblicher Standardsoftware – Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung in österreichischen Unternehmen. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK 42(4):329–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black F (1975) Fact and fantasy in the use of options. Financial Analysts Journal 31(4):36–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black F, Scholes M (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy 81(3):637–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao Q, Gu VC, Burns JR (2009) Applications of real option analysis to vendor selection process in IT outsourcing. International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management 4(2):143–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox JC, Ross SA, Rubinstein M (1979) Option pricing: a simplified approach. Journal of Financial Economics 7(3):229–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diepold D, Ullrich C, Wehrmann A, Zimmermann S (2009) A real options approach for valuating intertemporal interdependencies within a value-based IT portfolio management – a risk-return perspective. In: Proc 17th European conference on information systems, Verona

    Google Scholar 

  • Diepold D, Ullrich C, Wehrmann A, Zimmermann S (2011) Bewertung intertemporaler Abhängigkeiten zwischen IT-Projekten – Anwendung eines realoptionsbasierten Ansatzes unter Berücksichtigung projektspezifischer Risiken. Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 81(7):805–831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolci PC, Macada ACG, Becker JL (2010) IT investment management using the real options and portfolio management approaches. In: Proc 16th American conference on information systems, Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos BL (1991) Justifying investments in new information technologies. Journal of Management Information Systems 7(4):71–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecström MA, Björnsson HC (2005) Valuing flexibility in architecture, engineering, and construction information technology investments. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 131(4):431–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fettke P (2006) State-of-the-Art des State-of-the-Art – Eine Untersuchung der Forschungsmethode “Review” innerhalb der Wirtschaftsinformatik. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK 48(4):257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichman RG (2004) Real options and IT platform adoption: implications for theory and practice. Information Systems Research 15(2):132–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichman RG, Keil M, Tiwana A (2005) Beyond valuation: “option thinking” in IT project management. California Management Review 47(2):74–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franke G, Hax H (2003) Finanzwirtschaft des Unternehmens und Kapitalmarkt, 5. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Gull D (2011) Valuation of discount options in software license agreements. Business & Information Systems Engineering 3(4):221–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmantzis FC, Tanguturi VP (2007) Investment decisions in the wireless industry applying real options. Telecommunications Policy 31(2):107–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich A (2002) Management von Softwareprojekten. Oldenbourg, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich B, Huber A, Zimmermann S (2011) Make-and-sell or buy of web services – a real option approach. In: Proc 19th European conference on information systems, Helsinki

    Google Scholar 

  • Herath HSB, Herath TC (2008) Investments in information security: a real options perspective with Bayesian postaudit. Journal of Management Information Systems 25(3):337–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilhorst C, van Heck E, Ribbers P, Smits M (2006) Combining real options and multiattribute decision analysis to define the favourable IT infrastructure implementation strategy: a case study. In: Proc 14th European conference on information systems, Göteborg

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilhorst C, Ribbers P, van Heck E, Smits M (2008) Risk management and valuation of real options in IT projects: an exploratory experiment. In: Proc 16th European conference on information systems, Galway

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y (2010) Incorporating knowledge building in real options analyses of technology project investment. In: Proc 31st international conference on information systems, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman RJ, Kumar A (2008) Network effects and embedded options: decision-making under uncertainty for network technology investments. Information Technology Management 9(3):149–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman RJ, Li X (2005) Technology competition and optimal investment timing: a real options perspective. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 52(1):15–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ (2008) Real options: strategic technology migration options in wireless industry. In: Proc 14th American conference on information systems, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Krcmar H (2010) Informationsmanagement, 5. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kruschwitz L (2011) Investitionsrechnung, 13. Aufl. Oldenbourg, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RL (1996) A note on project risk and option values of investments in information technologies. Journal of Management Information Systems 13(1):187–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RL (2002) Managing risks in IT projects: an options perspective. Information & Management 40(1):63–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankton N, Luft J (2008) Uncertainty and industry structure effects on managerial intuition about information technology options. Journal of Management Information Systems 25(2):203–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KJ, Shyu DS, Dai ML (2009) The valuation of information technology investments by real options analysis. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 12(4):611–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X (2009) Preemptive learning, competency traps, and information technology adoption: a real options analysis. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 56(4):650–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maklan S, Knox S, Ryals L (2005) Using real options to help build the business case for CRM investment. Long Range Planning 38(4):393–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margrabe W (1978) The value of an option to exchange one asset for another. Journal of Finance 36(1):177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens P, Bodendorf F, König W, Picot A, Schumann M, Hess T (2010) Grundzüge der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 10. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Merton RC (1973) Theory of rational option pricing. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 4(1):141–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merton RC (1976) Option pricing when underlying stock returns are discontinuous. Journal of Financial Economics 3(1–2):125–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller L, Choi SH, Park CS (2004) Using an options approach to evaluate Korean information technology infrastructure. The Engineering Economist 49(3):199–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers SC (1974) Interactions of corporate finance and investment decisions – implications for capital budgeting. Journal of Finance 29(1):1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panayi S, Trigeorgis L (1998) Multi-stage real options: the cases of information technology infrastructure and international bank expansion. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 38(3):675–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perridon L, Steiner M, Rathgeber AW (2009) Finanzwirtschaft der Unternehmung, 15. Aufl. Vahlen, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz ES, Zozaya-Gorostiza C (2003) Investment under uncertainty in information technology: acquisition and development projects. Management Science 49(1):57–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh C, Shelor R, Jiang J, Klein G (2004) Rental software valuation in IT investment decisions. Decision Support Systems 38(1):115–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao C, Jinlong Z, Benhai Y, Shan L (2007) A fuzzy group decision approach to real option valuation. rough sets, fuzzy sets, data mining and granular computing. In: Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4482. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 103–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Taudes A (1998) Software growth options. Journal of Management Information Systems 15(1):165–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Taudes A, Feurstein M, Mild A (2000) Options analysis of software platform decisions: a case study. MIS Quarterly 24(2):227–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwana A, Keil M, Fichman RG (2006) Information systems project continuation in escalation situations: a real options model. Decision Sciences 37(3):357–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trigeorgis L (1996) Real options: management flexibility and strategy in resource allocation. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster J, Watson RT (2002) Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: writing a literature review. MIS Quarterly 26(2):xiii–xxiii

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Li HZ, Chu LK, Sculli D, Gao K (2009) An approach to the valuation and decision of ERP investment projects based on real options. Annals of Operations Research 168(1):181–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zandi F, Tavana M (2011) A fuzzy goal programming model for strategic information technology investment assessment. Benchmarking: An International Journal 18(2):172–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu K (1999) Evaluating information technology investment: cash flows or growth options. In: Workshop on information systems and economics (WISE), Charlotte

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Danksagung

Dieser Artikel wurde durch die DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) im Rahmen des Projekts „IT-Portfoliomanagement (BU 809/10-1)“ gefördert. Ich danke an dieser Stelle für die Unterstützung.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Ullrich.

Additional information

Angenommen nach einer Überarbeitung durch Prof. Dr. Buxmann.

This article is also available in English via http://www.springerlink.com and http://www.bise-journal.org: Ullrich, C (2013) Valuation of IT Investments Using Real Options Theory. Bus Inf Syst Eng. doi: 10.1007/s12599-013-0286-0.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ullrich, C. Bewertung von IT-Investitionen mit dem Realoptionsansatz. Wirtschaftsinf 55, 333–345 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-013-0380-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-013-0380-4

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation