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A survey on semantic schema discovery

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Abstract

More and more weakly structured, and irregular data sources are becoming available every day. The schema of these sources is useful for a number of tasks, such as query answering, exploration and summarization. However, although semantic web data might contain schema information, in many cases this is completely missing or partially defined. In this paper, we present a survey of the state of the art on schema information extraction approaches. We analyze and classify these approaches into three families: (1) approaches that exploit the implicit structure of the data, without assuming that some explicit statements on the schema are provided in the dataset; (2) approaches that use the explicit schema statements contained in the dataset to complement and enrich the schema, and (3) those that discover structural patterns contained in a dataset. We compare these studies in terms of their approach, advantages and limitations. Finally we discuss the problems that remain open.

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Notes

  1. Resource Description Framework: http://www.w3.org/RDF/.

  2. Protégé: https://protege.stanford.edu/.

  3. Knofuss: technologies.kmi.open.ac.uk/knofuss.

  4. Silk: wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/silk.

  5. w3C Shape Expressions (ShEx) 2.1 Primer: https://shex.io/shex-primer/.

  6. StaTIX: https://github.com/eXascaleInfolab/TInfES.

  7. Hadoop: http://hadoop.apache.org/.

  8. https://github.com/dfleischhacker/goldminer.

  9. http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/resources/mob4lod/.

  10. http://dl-learner.org.

  11. https://github.com/SmartDataAnalytics/DL-Learner.

  12. https://github.com/HeikoPaulheim/sd-type-validate.

  13. SPARQL Query Language queries: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/

  14. SchemaDecrypt(++): https://github.com/Kenza-Kellou-Menouer/SchemaDecrypt

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Acknowledgements

This research project was partially supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers” (iQARuS Project No 1147).

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  1. University of Versailles St.-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France

    Kenza Kellou-Menouer & Zoubida Kedad

  2. FORTH-ICS, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Nikolaos Kardoulakis, Georgia Troullinou, Dimitris Plexousakis & Haridimos Kondylakis

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  1. Kenza Kellou-Menouer
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Kellou-Menouer, K., Kardoulakis, N., Troullinou, G. et al. A survey on semantic schema discovery. The VLDB Journal 31, 675–710 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00778-021-00717-x

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