Abstract
The heuristic search processes like simple genetic algorithms help in achieving optimization but do not guarantee robustness so there is an immediate need of a machine learning technique that also promises robustness. Diploid genetic algorithms ensure consistent results and can therefore replace Simple genetic algorithms in applications such as test data generation and regression testing, where robustness is more important. However, there is a need to review the work that has been done so far in the field. It is also important to analyse the applicability of the premise of the dominance techniques applied so far in order to implement the technique. The work presents a systematic review of diploid genetic algorithms, examines the premise of the dominance relation used in different works and discusses the future scope. The work also discusses the biological basis of evaluating dominance. The work is important as the future of machine learning relies on techniques that are robust as well as efficient.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Agrawal H, Horgan JR, Krauser EW, London S (1993) Incremental regression testing. In: Proc. ICSM, pp 348–357
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walters P (2002) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Science, New York. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1, OCLC 145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405
Bagley JD (1967) The behaviour of adaptive systems which employ genetic and correlation algorithms. PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (University Microfilms No. 68-7556)
Bartolini C, Bertolino A, Sebastian G, Elbaum S, Marchett E (2011) Bringing white-box testing to service oriented architectures through a service oriented approach. J Syst Softw 84(4):655–668
Berg J, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2006) Biochemistry, 6th edn. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. ISBN 0-7167-8724-5
Bertolino A (2008) Software testing forever: old and new processes and techniques for Validating Today’s Applications, Keynote at 9th international conference product-focused software process improvement (PROFES 2008), Monte PorzioCatone, June 2008, LNCS 5089, p 1
Bhasin H, Singla N (2012a) Genetic based algorithm for N-puzzle problem. Int J Comput Appl 51(22):44–50
Bhasin H, Singla N (2012b) Harnessing cellular automata and genetic algorithms to solve travelling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of international conference on information computing and telecommunication, pp 72–77
Bhasin H, Singla N (2013a) Cellular Automata based test data generation. ACM Sigsoft Softw Eng Notes 38(4):1–7
Bhasin H, Singla N (2013b) Cellular genetic test data generation. ACM Sigsoft Softw Eng Notes 38(5):1–7
Bhasin H, Behal G, Aggarwal N, Saini RK, Choudhary S (2014) On the applicability of diploid genetic algorithms in dynamic environments. In: Soft computing and machine intelligence (ISCMI), 2014 international conference on, pp 94, 97. doi:10.1109/ISCMI.2014.27
Bhasin H, Behal G, Aggarwal N, Saini RK, Choudhary S (2015) On the applicability of diploid genetic algorithms in dynamic environments. Soft Comput. doi:10.1007/s00500-015-1803-5
Branke J (2001) Evolutionary optimization in dynamic environments. Kluwer, Norwell. ISBN:0792376315
Campbell N (1996) Biology, fourth edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, p 309, 310. ISBN 0-8053-1940-9
Crick F (1970) Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature 227(5258):561–563
Dijkstra EW (1959) A note on two problems in connection with graphs. Numer Math 1:269–271. doi:10.1007/BF01386390
Freeman WH, Griffiths A (2008) Introduction to genetic analysis, 9th edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, pp 335–339. ISBN 978-0-7167-6887-6 and Company pp 826 ISBN 0-7167-4684-0
Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison and Wesley, Reading
Goldberg DE, Richardson J (1987a) Genetic algorithms with sharing for multimodal function optimization. In: Proceedings of the second international conference in genetic algorithms, pp 41–49
Goldberg DE, Smith R (1987b) Nonstationary function optimization using genetic algorithms with dominance and diploidy. In: Proceedings of the second international conference of genetic algorithms, pp 59–68
Hausner W, Michael T (2001) Events during initiation of archaeal transcription: open complex formation and DNA–protein interactions. J Bacteriol 183(10):3025–3031
Higgs PG (2000) RNA secondary structure: physical and computational aspects. Q Rev Biophys 33(3):199–253
Hillis D (1992) Coevolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure. Artificial Life II
Hollstein RB (1971) Artificial genetic adaptation in computer control systems Ph.D. Thesis University of Michigan
Kitchenham BA (2012) Systematic review in software engineering: where we are and where we should be going. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on evidential assessment of software technologies, pp 1–2
Lee S, Rowlands H (2005) Finding robust optima with a diploid genetic algorithm. Int J Simul 6(9):73–80
Lewis J, Hart E, Ritchiew G (2004) A comparison of dominance mechanisms and simple mutation on non-stationary problems. In: The PPSN V proceedings of the 5th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature, pp 139–148
Liekens AML, Eikelder HMMT, Hilbers PAJ (2003) Modelling and simulating diploid simple genetic algorithms foundations of genetic algorithms VII (FOGA VII) Malaga, Spain
Mitchell M (1996) An introduction to genetic algorithms. MIT Press, Cambridge
Ng KP, Wong KC (1995) A new diploid scheme and dominance change mechanism for non-stationary function optimisation. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on genetic algorithms, pp 159–166
Nissen P, Hansen J, Ban N, Moore PB, Steitz TA (2000) The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis. Science 289(5481):920–930
Rosenberg RS (1967) Simulation of genetic populations with biochemical properties. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan Dissertation Abstracts International, volume 28, issue no. 7, p 2732B
Rosenberg RS (1970a) Simulation of genetic populations with biochemical properties: I. The model. Math Biosci 7:223–257
Rosenberg RS (1970b) Simulation of genetic populations with biochemical properties: II. Selection of crossover probabilities. Math Biosci 8:1–37
Russell P (2001) Genetics. Benjamin Cummings, New York. ISBN 0-8053-4553-1
Ryan C (1994) The degree of oneness. In: Proceedings of the 1994 ECAI workshop on genetic algorithms
Saenger W (1984) Principles of nucleic acid structure. Springer, New York. ISBN 0-387-90762-9
Schafer R (2009) Using a diploid genetic algorithm to create and maintain a complex system in dynamic equilibrium, Stanford University
Solomon EP, Berg LR, Martin DW (2004) Biology, 8th edition, international student edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-495-30978-8
Tinoco I, Bustamante C (1999) How RNA folds. J Mol Biol 293(2):271–281
Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171(4356):737–738
Weicker K, Weicker N (2001) Burden and benefits of redundancy. Found Genet Algorithms 6:313–333
Yang S (2003) Non-stationary problem optimization using the primal-dual genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, volume 3, pp 2246–2253
Yang S (2006) On the design of diploid genetic algorithms for problem optimization in dynamic environments evolutionary computation, IEEE congress
Yang S, Yao X (2005) Experimental study on population-based incremental learning algorithms for dynamic optimization problems. Soft Comput 9(11):815–834
Yang S, Zeng SLY, Zhang Q, Kang L (2007) Learning the dominance in diploid genetic algorithms for changing optimization problems. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Intelligence Computation and Applications, pp 157–162
Yoo S, Harman M (2012) Regression testing minimization, selection and prioritization: a survey. Softw Test Verif Reliab 22(2):67–120. doi:10.1002/stv.430
Yukiko Y, Nobue A (1984) A diploid genetic algorithm for preserving population diversity—Pseudo Meiosis GA. In: Parallel problem solving from nature lecture notes in computer science, volume 886, pp 36–45
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhasin, H., Mehta, S. On the applicability of diploid genetic algorithms. AI & Soc 31, 265–274 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-015-0591-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-015-0591-x