Abstract
We describe a project to capitalize on newly available levels of computational resources in order to understand human cognition. We are building an integrated physical system including vision, sound input and output, and dextrous manipulation, all controlled by a continuously operating large scale parallel MIMD computer. The resulting system will learn to “think” by building on its bodily experiences to accomplish progressively more abstract tasks. Past experience suggests that in attempting to build such an integrated system we will have to fundamentally change the way artificial intelligence, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophy think about the organization of intelligence. We expect to be able to better reconcile the theories that will be developed with current work in neuroscience.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Agre, P.E. and Chapman, D. 1987. Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of Activity. InProceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, Seattle, Washington, pp. 196–201.
Allen, J., Hendler, J., and Tate, A., eds. 1990.Readings in Planning, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, California.
Angle, C.M. and Brooks, R.A. 1990. Small Planetary Rovers. InIEEE/RSJ International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Ikabara, Japan, pp. 383–388.
Arbib, M.A. 1964.Brains, Machines and Mathematics. McGraw-Hill: New York, New York.
Ashby, W.R. 1956.An Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman and Hall: London, United Kingdom.
Ballard, D.H. 1989. Reference Frames for Active Vision. InProceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit, Michigan, pp. 1635–1641.
Bates, E. 1979.The Emergence of Symbols. Academic Press: New York, New York.
Bates, E., Bretherton, I., and Snyder, L. 1988.From First Words to Grammar. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Beer, R.D. 1990.Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior, Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Berkeley, E.C. 1949.Giant Brains or Machines that Think, John Wiley & Sons: New York, New York.
Bickard, M.H. 1993. Representational Content in Humans and Machines.Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 5, 285–333.
Bickhard, M.H. 1991. How to Build a Machine with Emergent Representational Content.CogSci News 41(1), 1–8.
Brachman, R.J. and Levesque, H.J., eds. 1985.Readings in Knowledge Representation, Morgan Kaufmann: Los Altos, California.
Braddick, O. Atkison, J., Hood, B., Harkness, W., Jackson, G., and Vargha-Khadem, F. 1992. Possible blindsight in infants lacking one cerebral hemisphere.Nature 360, 461–463.
Brooks, R.A. 1986. A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot.IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation RA-2, 14–23.
Brooks, R.A. 1989. A Robot That Walks: Emergent Behavior from a Carefully Evolved Network.Neural Computation 1(2), 253–262.
Brooks, R.A. 1990a. The Behavior Language User's Guide, Memo 1227, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Lab. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Brooks, R.A. 1990b. Elephants Don't Play Chess,in P. Maes, ed.,Designing Autonomous Agents: Theory and Practice from Biology to Engineering and Back. MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 3–15.
Brooks, R.A. 1991a. Intelligence Without Reason. InProceedings of the 1991 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 569–595.
Brooks, R.A. 1991b. New Approaches to Robotics,Science 253, 1227–1232.
Brooks, R.A. 1993. L: A Subset of Common Lisp, Technical report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Lab.
Brooks, R.A., Gabriel R.P., and Steele Jr., G.L. 1982. An Optimizing Compiler for Lexically Scoped Lisp. InProceedings of the 1982 Symposium on Compiler Construction.ACM SIGPLAN, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 261–275. Published as ACM SIGPLANNotices 17, 6 (June 1982).
Brooks, R.A., Posner, D.B., McDonald, J.L., White, J.L., Benson, E., and Gabriel, R.P. 1986. Design of An Optimizing Dynamically Retargetable Compiler for Common Lisp. InProceedings of the 1986 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 67–85.
Caudill, M. 1992.In Our Own Image: Building An Artificial Person, Oxford University Press: New York, New York.
Churchland, P.S. and Sejnowski, T.J. 1992.The Computational Brain, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Connell, J.H. 1987. Creature Building with the Subsumption Architecture. InProceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Milan, Italy, pp. 1124–1126.
Connell, J.H. 1990.Minimalist Mobile Robotics: A Colonystyle Architecture for a Mobile Robot, Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Also MIT TR-1151.
Coombs, D.J. 1992. Real-time Gaze Holding in Binocular Robot Vision, PhD thesis, University of Rochester, Department of CS, Rochester, New York.
Crick, F. and Jones, E. 1993. Backwardness of human neuroanatomy.Nature 361, 109–110.
Cypher, R., Ho, A., Konstantinidou, S., and Messina, P. 1993. Architectural Requirements of Parallel Scientific Applications with Explicit Communication, InIEEE Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Computer Architecture, San Diego, California, pp. 2–13.
Damasio, H. and Damasio, A.R. 1989.Lesion Analysis in Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press: New York, New York.
Dennett, D.C. 1991.Consciousness Explained, Little, Brown: Boston, Massachusetts.
Dennett, D.C. and Kinsbourne, M. 1992. Time and the Observer: The Where and When of Consciousness in the Brain,Brain and Behavioral Sciences 15, 183–247.
Drescher, G.L. 1991.Made-Up Minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Edelman, G.M. 1987.Neural Darwinsim: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection, Basic Books, New York, New York.
Edelman, G.M. 1989.The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness, Basic Books, New York, New York.
Edelman, G.M. 1992.Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of Mind, Basic Books, New York, New York.
Fendrich, R., Wessinger, C.M., and Gazzaniga, M.S. 1992. Residual Vision in a Scotoma: Implications for Blindsight,Science 258, 1489–1491.
Ferrell, C. 1993. Robust Agent Control of an Autonomous Robot with Many Sensors and Actuators, Master's thesis, MIT, Department of EECS, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Fodor, J.A. 1983.The Modularity of Mind, Bradford Books, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Harris, C.L. 1991. Parallel Distributed Processing Models and Metaphors for Language and Development, PhD thesis, University of California, Department of Cognitive Science, San Diego, California.
Haugeland, J. 1985.Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hoare, C.A.R. 1985.Communicating Sequential Processes, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Hobbs, J. and Moore, R., eds. 1985.Formal Theories of the Commonsense World, Ablex Publishing Co.: Norwood, New Jersey.
Horswill, I.D. 1993. Specialization of Perceptual Processes, PhD thesis, MIT, Department of EECS, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Horswill, I.D. and Brooks, R.A. 1988. Situated Vision in a Dynamic World: Chasing Objects, InProceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 796–800.
Johnson, M. 1987.The Body In The Mind, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Kinsbourne, M. 1987. Mechanisms of unilateral neglect,in M. Jeannerod, ed.,Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Aspects of Spatial Neglect, Elsevier, North Holland.
Kinsbourne, M. 1988. Integrated field theory of consciousness,in A. Marcel and E. Bisiach, eds,The Concept of Consciousness in Contemporary Science, Oxford University Press: London, England.
Kosslyn, S. 1994.Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kuipers, B. and Byun, Y.-T. 1991. A robot exploration and mapping strategy based on a semantic hierarchy of spatial representations,Robotics and Autonomous Systems 8, 47–63.
Lakoff, G. 1987.Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980.Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Langacker, R.W. 1987.Foundations of cognitive grammar, Volume 1, Stanford University Press: Palo Alto, California.
Lempert, H. and Kinsbourne, M. 1985. Possible origin of speech in selective orienting,Psychological Bulletin 97, 62–73.
Lisberger, S.G. 1988. The neural basis for motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys,Trends in Neuroscience 11, 147–152.
Marr, D. 1982.Vision, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, California.
Mataric, M.J. 1992a. Designing Emergent Behaviors: From Local Interactions to Collective Intelligence. InProceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 432–441.
Mataric, M.J. 1992b. Integration of Representation Into Goal-Driven Behavior-Based Robots,IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation 8(3), 304–312.
McCarthy, R.A. and Warrington, E.K. 1988. Evidence for Modality-Specific Systems in the Brain,Nature 334, 428–430.
McCarthy, R.A. and Warrington, E.K. 1990.Cognitive Neuropsychology, Academic Press: San Diego, California.
Minsky, M. 1986.The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster: New York, New York.
Minsky, M. and Papert, S. 1969.Perceptrons, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Newcombe, F. and Ratcliff, G. 1989. Disorders of Visupspatial Analysis. InHandbook of Neuropsychology, Volume 2, Elsevier: New York, New York.
Newell, A. and Simon, H.A. 1981. Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search,in J. Haugeland, ed.,Mind Design, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, chapter 1, pp. 35–66.
Penrose, R. 1989.The Emporer's New Mind, Oxford University Press: Oxford, United Kingdom.
Pomerleau, D.A. 1991. Efficient Training of Artificial Neural Networks for Autonomous Navigation,Neural Computation.
Rosenblatt, F. 1962.Principles of Neurodynamics, Spartan: New York, New York.
Rosenschein, S.J. and Kaelbling, L.P. 1986. The Synthesis of Digital Machines with Provable Epestemic Properties,in J.Y. Halpern, ed.,Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge, Morgan Kaufmann, Monterey, California, pp. 83–98.
Rumelhart, D.E. and McClelland, J.L., eds. 1986.Parallel Distributed Processing, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Searle, J.R. 1992.The Rediscovery of the Mind, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Simon, H.A. 1969.The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Springer, S.P. and Deutsch, G. 1981.Left Brain, Right Brain, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Steele Jr., G.L. 1990.Common Lisp, The Language, second edn., Digital Press.
Stein, L.A. 1994. Imagination and Situated Cognition,Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence.
Teitelbaum, P., Pellis, V.C., and Pellis, S.M. 1990. Can Allied Reflexes Promote the Integration of a Robot's Behavior. InProceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 97–104.
Torrance, M. 1994. Natural Communication with Robots, Master's thesis, MIT, Department of EECS, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Turing, A.M. 1970. Intelligent Machinery,in B. Meltzer and D. Michie, eds.,Machine Intelligence 5, American Elsevier Publishing: New York, New York, pp. 3–23.
Ullman, S. 1991. Sequence-Seeking and Counter Streams: A Model for Information Processing in the Cortex, Memo 1311, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Viola, P.A. 1990. Adaptive Gaze Control, Master's thesis, MIT, Department of EECS, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Weiskrantz, L. 1986.Blindsight, Oxford University Press: Oxford, United Kingdom.
Yanco, H. and Stein, L.A. 1993. An Adaptive Communication Protocol for Cooperating Mobile Robots,in J.-A. Meyer, H. Roitblat and S. Wilson, eds.,From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 478–485.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brooks, R.A., Stein, L.A. Building brains for bodies. Auton Robot 1, 7–25 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00735340
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00735340