Abstract
This paper presents an automated design procedure of radio- frequency integrated CMOS discrete tuning varactors (RFDTVs). This new method use the maximin and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms to promote well distributed non-dominated fronts in the parameters space when a single-objective function is optimized. The fitness function used in the search tool is proportional to the RFDTV quality factor. The outcome of the automated design method comprises a set of RFDTV circuits, all having the same maximum performance. Each solution, which corresponds to one RFDTV circuit, is defined by the number of cells and by the circuit components values. This approach allows the designer to choose among several possible circuits the one that is easier to implement in a given CMOS process. To validate the effectiveness of the synthesis procedure proposed in this paper (PSO-method) comparisons with a design method based on genetic algorithms (GA-method) are presented. A 0.18 μm CMOS radio-frequency binary-weighted differential switched capacitor array (RFDSCA) was designed and implemented (the RFDSCA is one of the possible topologies of the RFDTVs). The results show that both design methods are in very good agreement. However, the PSO technique outperforms the GA-method in the design procedure run time taken to accomplish the same performance results.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kral, A., Behbahani, F., Abidi, A.: RF-CMOS oscillators with switched tuning. In: IEEE CICC (May 1998)
Fard, A.: Phase noise and amplitude issues of a wide-band VCO utilizing a switched tuning resonator. In: IEEE ISCAS (May 2005)
Wu, S.: A low-noise fast-settling PLL frequency synthesizer for CDMA receivers. In: SoC (November 2004)
Ang, K., Chia, M., Li, D.: A process compensation technique for integrated VCO. In: IEEE RFIC (June 2004)
Sjöblom, P., Sjöland, H.: An adaptive impedance tuning CMOS circuit for ISM 2.4-GHz band. IEEE Trans. on Circ. and Syst. 52(6), 1115–1124 (2005)
Somani, A., Chakrabarti, P.P., Patra, A.: An evolutionary algorithm-based approach to automated design of analog and RF circuits using adaptive normalized cost functions. IEEE Trans. on Evol. Comp. (in press)
Kaitharam, S., Rajagopal, C., Nunez, A.: SRFCC: synthesis of RF CMOS circuits. In: IEEE MWSCAS (August 2002)
Rajagopal, C., Sridhar, K., Nunez, A.: RF CMOS circuit optimizing procedure and synthesis tool. In: ACM VLSI (April 2003)
Konstantopoulos, G., Papathanasiou, K., Samelis, A.: Optimization of RF circuits by expert system monitored genetic computation. In: IEEE ISCAS (May 2006)
Chu, M., Allstot, D.J., Huard, J.M., Wong, K.Y.: NSGA-based parasitic-aware optimization of a 5 GHz low-noise VCO. In: IEEE ASP DAC (January 2004)
Sen, P., Pratap, R.J., Mukhopadhyay, R., Sarkar, S., Lee, C.H., Pinel, S., May, G.S., Laskar, J.: Neuro-genetic design centering of millimeter wave oscillators. In: IEEE SiRF (January 2006)
Solteiro Pires, E.J., Mendes, L., de Moura Oliveira, P.B., Machado, J.A.T., Ferreira, N.M.F., Vaz, J., Rosário, M.: Single-objective front optimization: application to RF circuit design. In: GECCO 2008: Proc. of the 10th annual conf. on Genetic and evolutionary computation, USA, pp. 765–766. ACM, New York (2008)
Solteiro Pires, E.J., de Moura Oliveira, P.B., Machado, J.A.T.: Multi-objective MaxiMin Sorting Scheme. In: Coello Coello, C.A., Hernández Aguirre, A., Zitzler, E. (eds.) EMO 2005. LNCS, vol. 3410, pp. 165–175. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Laumanns, M., Thiele, L., Deb, K., Zitzler, E.: Archiving with guaranteed convergence and diversity in multi-objective optimization. In: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., pp. 439–447. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (2002)
Mendes, L., Vaz, J.C., Rosário, M.J.: A closed-form input admittance solution for RF and microwave switched capacitor arrays. In: IEEE MWSCAS, Puerto Rico (August 2006)
Mendes, L., Vaz, J.C., Rosário, M.J.: Performance of Si-integrated wide-band single-ended switched capacitor arrays. In: 13th IEEE ICECS, France (December 2006)
Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.C.: Particle swarm optimization. In: Proc. of the 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway (1995)
Shi, Y., Eberhart, R.C.: Empirical study of particle swarm optimization. In: Angeline, P.J., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Congress of Evolutionary Computation, Washington D.C, vol. 3, pp. 1945–1950. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (1999)
Løvbjerg, M., Rasmussen, T.K., Krink, T.: Hybrid particle swarm optimiser with breeding and subpopulations. In: Spector, L., et al. (eds.) Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., pp. 469–476. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pires, E.J.S., Mendes, L., de Moura Oliveira, P.B., Machado, J.A.T., Vaz, J.C., Rosário, M.J. (2009). Design of Radio-Frequency Integrated CMOS Discrete Tuning Varactors Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. In: Omatu, S., et al. Distributed Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics, Soft Computing, and Ambient Assisted Living. IWANN 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5518. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02481-8_184
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02481-8_184
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02480-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-02481-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)