Abstract
The smartphone has not only become our everyday companion but increasingly also led to concerns about digital well-being. Screen time regulation applications aim to tackle these concerns through promoting mindful smartphone use. Despite being predominantly focused on private contexts, they can also help at work in that they enhance task focus and cognitive capacity management. The development of such applications, however, faces certain challenges, particularly when it comes to finding the right balance between what users want in terms of technological functionality, and what tools need to offer to actually change smartphone interaction behavior. Thus, the goal of the preliminary research presented in this article was to investigate the effect of and peoples’ perceptions towards the use of screen time regulation at work. Our analysis focused on a single case study, which ensured a sample frame where all study participants work under similar conditions and within a comparable working environment. We used a tripartite empirical study methodology, which started with a questionnaire survey (\(n=74\)) exploring peoples’ smartphone interaction behavior at work. This was followed by a field experiment in which \(n=20\) employees were asked to log their smartphone interactions with and without screen time regulation. Finally, we asked the same participants to provide feedback on their intervention experiences. Results show that the use of screen time regulation does indeed reduce people’s time spent with the smartphone. We also found that participants find it useful, yet that they are afraid of a company-driven introduction or the implementation of respective company-wide policies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Online: https://stayfreeapps.com/ accessed: February 2nd 2024.
References
Almourad, M.B., Alrobai, A., Skinner, T., Hussain, M., Ali, R.: Digital wellbeing tools through users lens. Technol. Soc. 67, 101778 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101778, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X21002530
Bock, B.C., et al.: The mobile phone affinity scale: enhancement and refinement. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 4(4), e134 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.6705
Bødker, S.: When second wave HCI meets third wave challenges. In: Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles, NordiCHI 2006, pp. 1–8. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2006). https://doi.org/10.1145/1182475.1182476
Büchi, M.: Digital well-being theory and research. New Media Soc. 26(1), 172–189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211056851
Cecchinato, M.E., et al.: Designing for digital wellbeing: a research & practice agenda. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2019, pp. 1–8. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3298998
Davis, F.D., et al.: Technology acceptance model: TAM. Al-Suqri, MN, Al-Aufi, AS: Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption, pp. 205–219 (1989)
Duke, É., Montag, C.: Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict. Behav. Rep. 6, 90–95 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853217300159
Eichner, A.A.: Planting trees and tracking screen time: a taxonomy of digital wellbeing features. In: Proceedings of PACIS 2020 Proceedings (2020)
Fidan, A.: The effect of attitudes by generations X, Y, Z, alpha, beta, gamma and delta on children. In: Being a Child in a Global World, pp. 17–33. Emerald Publishing Limited (2022)
Forgays, D.K., Hyman, I., Schreiber, J.: Texting everywhere for everything: gender and age differences in cell phone etiquette and use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 31, 314–321 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.053, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563213004032
Fortin, P.E., Cooperstock, J.: Understanding smartphone notifications’ activity disruption via in situ wrist motion monitoring. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA 2022. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519695
Gowthami, S., Kumar, S.: Impact of smartphone: a pilot study on positive and negative effects. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2(3), 473–478 (2016)
Hallnäs, L., Redström, J.: Slow technology-designing for reflection. Pers. Ubiquit. Comput. 5, 201–212 (2001)
Kühnel, J., Tim Vahle-Hinz, J.d.B., Syrek, C.J.: Staying in touch while at work: relationships between personal social media use at work and work-nonwork balance and creativity. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manage. 31(10), 1235–1261 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1396551
Konok, V., Gigler, D., Bereczky, B.M., Miklósi, Á.: Humans’ attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style. Comput. Hum. Behav. 61, 537–547 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.062, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563216302333
Kushlev, K., Proulx, J., Dunn, E.W.: “Silence Your Phones”: smartphone notifications increase inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2016, pp. 1011–1020. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858359
Lyngs, U., et al.: Self-control in cyberspace: applying dual systems theory to a review of digital self-control tools. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2019, pp. 1–18. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300361
McGill, T., Thompson, N.: Gender differences in information security perceptions and behaviour. In: 29th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (2018)
Melumad, S., Pham, M.T.: The smartphone as a pacifying technology. J. Consum. Res. 47(2), 237–255 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa005
Monge Roffarello, A., De Russis, L.: The race towards digital wellbeing: issues and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2019, pp. 1–14. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300616
Patterer, A.S., Yanagida, T., Kühnel, J., Korunka, C.: Staying in touch, yet expected to be? A diary study on the relationship between personal smartphone use at work and work-nonwork interaction. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 94(3), 735–761 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12348, https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joop.12348
Pierce, J.: Smart home security cameras and shifting lines of creepiness: a design-led inquiry. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2019, pp. 1–14. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300275
Pitichat, T.: Smartphones in the workplace: changing organizational behavior, transforming the future. LUX: J. Transdisciplinary Writ. Res. Claremont Grad. Univ. 3(1), 13 (2013)
Polanco-Diges, L., Saura, J.R., Pinto, P.: Setting the relationship between human-centered approaches and users’ digital well-being: a review. J. Tourism Sustain. Well-Being 10(3), 148–171 (2022)
Przybylski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C.R., Gladwell, V.: Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29(4), 1841–1848 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563213000800
Rodríguez-García, A.M., Moreno-Guerrero, A.J., López Belmonte, J.: Nomophobia: an individual’s growing fear of being without a smartphone-a systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(2), 580 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020580, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/580
Schmuck, D.: Does digital detox work? Exploring the role of digital detox apps for problematic smartphone use and well-being of young adults. In: 65. DGPuK-Jahrestagung, Munich, Germany (2020)
Shepherd, J.: What is the digital era? In: Social and Economic Transformation in the Digital Era, pp. 1–18. IGI Global (2004)
Stephanidis, C., et al.: Seven HCI grand challenges. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 35(14), 1229–1269 (2019)
Throuvala, M.A., Pontes, H.M., Tsaousis, I., Griffiths, M.D., Rennoldson, M., Kuss, D.J.: Exploring the dimensions of smartphone distraction: development, validation, measurement invariance, and latent mean differences of the smartphone distraction scale (SDS). Front. Psychiatry 12, 642634 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642634, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642634
Vanden Abeele, M.M.P.: Digital wellbeing as a dynamic construct. Commun. Theory 31(4), 932–955 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa024
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G.: Why don’t men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Q. 24(1), 115–139 (2000). http://www.jstor.org/stable/3250981
Ward, A.F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., Bos, M.W.: Brain drain: the mere presence of one’s own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. J. Assoc. Consum. Res. 2(2), 140–154 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1086/691462
Widdicks, K.: When the good turns ugly: speculating next steps for digital wellbeing tools. In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, NordiCHI 2020. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420117
William Odom, E.S., Chen, A.Y.S.: Extending a theory of slow technology for design through artifact analysis. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 37(2), 150–179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2021.1913416
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gratzer, K., Schlögl, S., Groth, A. (2024). Professional Digital Well-Being: An In Situ Investigation into the Impact of Using Screen Time Regulation at Work. In: Nah, F.FH., Siau, K.L. (eds) HCI in Business, Government and Organizations. HCII 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14720. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61315-9_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61315-9_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-61314-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-61315-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)