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Uncovering Manipulated Files Using Mathematical Natural Laws

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Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications (CIARP 2023)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 14469))

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Abstract

The data exchange between different sectors of society has led to the development of electronic documents supported by different reading formats, namely portable PDF format. These documents have characteristics similar to those used in programming languages, allowing the incorporation of potentially malicious code, which makes them a vector for cyberattacks. Thus, detecting anomalies in digital documents, such as PDF files, has become crucial in several domains, such as finance, digital forensic analysis and law enforcement. Currently, detection methods are mostly based on machine learning and are characterised by being complex, slow and mainly inefficient in detecting zero-day attacks. This paper aims to propose a Benford Law (BL) based model to uncover manipulated PDF documents by analysing potential anomalies in the first digit extracted from the PDF document’s characteristics.

The proposed model was evaluated using the CIC Evasive PDFMAL2022 dataset, consisting of 1191 documents (278 benign and 918 malicious). To classify the PDF documents, based on BL, into malicious or benign documents, three statistical models were used in conjunction with the mean absolute deviation: the parametric Pearson and the non-parametric Spearman and Cramer-Von Mises models. The results show a maximum F1 score of \(87.63\%\) in detecting malicious documents using Pearson’s model, demonstrating the suitability and effectiveness of applying Benford’s Law in detecting anomalies in digital documents to maintain the accuracy and integrity of information and promoting trust in systems and institutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Technology, Technological University of the Shannon, Moylish Park, Limerick, V94 EC5T, Ireland

    Pedro Fernandes & Séamus Ó Ciardhuáin

  2. School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

    Mário Antunes

  3. INESC TEC, CRACS, R. Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Mário Antunes

Authors
  1. Pedro Fernandes
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  2. Séamus Ó Ciardhuáin
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  3. Mário Antunes
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro Fernandes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal

    Verónica Vasconcelos

  2. Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal

    Inês Domingues

  3. Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal

    Simão Paredes

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Fernandes, P., Ó Ciardhuáin, S., Antunes, M. (2024). Uncovering Manipulated Files Using Mathematical Natural Laws. In: Vasconcelos, V., Domingues, I., Paredes, S. (eds) Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. CIARP 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14469. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49018-7_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49018-7_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49017-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49018-7

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