Abstract
In this study, we present a novel system for the automatic classification of text complexity in the Italian language, focusing on the phraseological dimension. This quantitative assessment of text complexity is crucial for various applications, including text readability measurement, text simplification, and support for educators during evaluation processes. We use a dataset comprising texts written by Italian L2 learners and classified according to the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The dataset texts serve as a basis for calculating phraseological features, which are then used as input for multiple machine-learning classifiers to compare their performance in predicting proficiency levels. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively harnesses phraseological complexity features to achieve high classification accuracy in determining proficiency levels.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Carpi, A., D’Alessandro, F.: On the hybrid Černý-road coloring problem and Hamiltonian paths. In: Gao, Y., Lu, H., Seki, S., Yu, S. (eds.) DLT 2010. LNCS, vol. 6224, pp. 124–135. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14455-4_13
Church, K.W., Hanks, P.: Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography. Comput. Linguist. 16(1), 22–29 (1990)
D’Alessandro, F., Carpi, A.: On incomplete and synchronizing finite sets. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 664, 67–77 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.08.042
Dell’Orletta, F., Montemagni, S., Venturi, G.: READ-IT: assessing readability of Italian texts with a view to text simplification. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies, pp. 73–83. Association for Computational Linguistics, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (2011)
Carpi, A., D’Alessandro, F.: On the commutative equivalence of context-free languages. In: Hoshi, M., Seki, S. (eds.) DLT 2018. LNCS, vol. 11088, pp. 169–181. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98654-8_14
Council of Europe. Council for Cultural Co-operation. Education Committee. Modern Languages Division: Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
Forti, L., Grego Bolli, G., Santarelli, F., Santucci, V., Spina, S.: MALT-IT2: a new resource to measure text difficulty in light of CEFR levels for Italian L2 learning. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pp. 7204–7211. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France (2020)
Franzoni, V., Milani, A., Biondi, G.: SEMO: a semantic model for emotion recognition in web objects. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence, pp. 953–958. WI 2017, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3109417
Franzoni, V., Poggioni, V., Zollo, F.: Automated classification of book blurbs according to the emotional tags of the social network zazie. ESSEM@ AI* IA 1096, 83–94 (2013). CEUR-WS
Li, Y., Yang, T.: Word embedding for understanding natural language: a survey. In: Srinivasan, S. (ed.) Guide to Big Data Applications. SBD, vol. 26, pp. 83–104. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53817-4_4
Lyding, V., et al.: The PAISÀ corpus of Italian web texts. In: Proceedings of the 9th Web as Corpus Workshop (WaC-9), pp. 36–43. Association for Computational Linguistics, Gothenburg, Sweden (2014). https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W14-0406
Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 2, pp. 3111–3119. NIPS 2013, Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA (2013)
Milani, A., Franzoni, V., Biondi, G.: Parsing tools for Italian phraseological units. In: Gervasi, O., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2021. LNCS, vol. 12955, pp. 427–435. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87007-2_30
Natova, I.: Estimating CEFR reading comprehension text complexity. Lang. Learn. J. 49(6), 699–710 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1665088
Nivre, J., et al.: Universal dependencies v2: an evergrowing multilingual treebank collection. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pp. 4034–4043. European Language Resources Association, Marseille, France (2020)
Paquot, M.: The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research. Second. Lang. Res. 35(1), 121–145 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317694221
Poggioni, V., Bartoccini, U., Carpi, A., Santucci, V.: Memes evolution in a memetic variant of particle swarm optimization. Mathematics 7(5), 423 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/math7050423
Rychlý, P.: A lexicographer-friendly association score. In: RASLAN (2008)
Santucci, V., Santarelli, F., Forti, L., Spina, S.: Automatic classification of text complexity. Appl. Sci. 10(20), 7285 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207285
Straka, M.: UDPipe 2.0 prototype at CoNLL 2018 UD shared task. In: Proceedings of the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, pp. 197–207. Association for Computational Linguistics, Brussels, Belgium (2018). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/K18-2020
Takayama, J., Arase, Y.: Relevant and informative response generation using pointwise mutual information. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP for Conversational AI, pp. 133–138. Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy (2019). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4115
Vishal, K., Deepak, G., Santhanavijayan, A.: An approach for retrieval of text documents by hybridizing structural topic modeling and pointwise mutual information. In: Mekhilef, S., Favorskaya, M., Pandey, R.K., Shaw, R.N. (eds.) Innovations in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. LNEE, vol. 756, pp. 969–977. Springer, Singapore (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0749-3_74
Acknowledgment
This work is partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Research under PRIN Project “PHRAME” Grant n.20178XXKFY.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Biondi, G., Franzoni, V., Milani, A., Santucci, V. (2023). Classification of Text Writing Proficiency of L2 Learners. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2023 Workshops. ICCSA 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14104. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37105-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37105-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-37104-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-37105-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)