Abstract
Intelligent Transportation Systems for urban mobility aim at the grand objective of reducing environmental impact and minimize urban congestion, also integrating different mobility modes and solutions. However, the different transportation modalities may end in a conflict due to physical constraints concerned with the urban structure itself: an example is the case of intersection between a public road and a tramway right-of-way, where traffic lights priority given to trams may trigger road congestion, while an intense car traffic can impact on trams’ performance. These situations can be anticipated and avoided by accurately modeling and analyzing the possible congestion events. Typically, modeling tools provide simulation facilities, by which various scenarios can be played to understand the response of the intersection to different traffic loads. While supporting early verification of design choices, simulation encounters difficulties in the evaluation of rare events. Only modeling techniques and tools that support the analysis of the complete space of possible scenarios are able to find out such rare events. In this work, we present an analytical approach to model and evaluate a critical intersection for the Florence tramway, where frequent traffic blocks used to happen. Specifically, we exploit the ORIS tool to evaluate the probability of a traffic block, leveraging regenerative transient analysis based on the method of stochastic state classes to analyze a model of the intersection specified through Stochastic Time Petri Nets (STPNs). The reported experience shows that the frequency of tram rides impacts on the road congestion, and hence compensating measures (such as sychronizing the passage of trams in opposite directions on the road crossing) should be considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
The construction works of the new tramway lines (due to be opened soon) have consistently changed the geometry of the considered intersection, partially removing the car traffic. Anyway, the analysis presented in this work refers to a relevant scenario, typical of intersections between a public road and a tramway right-of-way, which will occur more frequently in Florence as new tramway lines will be built.
- 3.
ORIS is available for download at the webpage https://www.oris-tool.org/.
References
ACEA: The 2030 urban mobility challenge. Technical report, European Automobile Manufacturers Association, May 2016
Agarwal, A., Lämmel, G.: Modeling seepage behavior of smaller vehicles in mixed traffic conditions using an agent based simulation. Transp. Dev. Econ. 2(2), 12 (2016)
Bernardi, S., Campos, J., Merseguer, J.: Timing-failure risk assessment of UML design using time Petri net bound techniques. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 7(1), 90–104 (2011)
Biagi, M., Carnevali, L., Paolieri, M., Vicario, E.: Performability evaluation of the ERTMS/ETCS - Level 3. Transp. Res. C-Emerg. 82, 314–336 (2017)
Bucci, G., Carnevali, L., Ridi, L., Vicario, E.: Oris: a tool for modeling, verification and evaluation of real-time systems. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 12(5), 391–403 (2010)
Carnevali, L., Grassi, L., Vicario, E.: State-density functions over DBM domains in the analysis of non-Markovian models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 35(2), 178–194 (2009)
Carnevali, L., Flammini, F., Paolieri, M., Vicario, E.: Non-Markovian performability evaluation of ERTMS/ETCS level 3. In: Beltrán, M., Knottenbelt, W., Bradley, J. (eds.) EPEW 2015. LNCS, vol. 9272, pp. 47–62. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23267-6_4
Charypar, D., Axhausen, K., Nagel, K.: Event-driven queue-based traffic flow microsimulation. Transp. Res. Rec. 2003, 35–40 (2007)
Choi, H., Kulkarni, V.G., Trivedi, K.S.: Markov regenerative stochastic Petri nets. Perform. Eval. 20(1–3), 333–357 (1994)
Ciuti, I.: Jean-Luc Laugaa: Ingorgo-trappola alla stazione, un rischio anche per la linea 2. Repubblica.it (2014). http://goo.gl/QxrXR4
Dill, D.L.: Timing assumptions and verification of finite-state concurrent systems. In: Sifakis, J. (ed.) CAV 1989. LNCS, vol. 407, pp. 197–212. Springer, Heidelberg (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-52148-8_17
Dobler, C., Lämmel, G.: Integration of a multi-modal simulation module into a framework for large-scale transport systems simulation. In: Weidmann, U., Kirsch, U., Schreckenberg, M. (eds.) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012, pp. 739–754. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9_62
ERTRAC: ERTRAC road transport scenario 2030+ “road to implementation”. Technical report, European Road Transport Research Advisory Council, October 2009
Fujii, H., Uchida, H., Yoshimura, S.: Agent-based simulation framework for mixed traffic of cars, pedestrians and trams. Transp. Res. C-Emerg. 85, 234–248 (2017)
Gawron, C.: An iterative algorithm to determine the dynamic user equilibrium in a traffic simulation model. Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 9(3), 393–407 (1998)
German, R.: Performance Analysis of Communication Systems with Non-Markovian Stochastic Petri Nets. Wiley, Hoboken (2000)
Higgins, A., Kozan, E., Ferreira, L.: Optimal scheduling of trains on a single line track. Transp. Res. B-Methodol. 30(2), 147–161 (1996)
Horváth, A., Paolieri, M., Ridi, L., Vicario, E.: Transient analysis of non-Markovian models using stochastic state classes. Perform. Eval. 69(7–8), 315–335 (2012)
Kerner, B.S., Klenov, S.L., Wolf, D.E.: Cellular automata approach to three-phase traffic theory. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 35(47), 9971–10013 (2002)
Krajzewicz, D., Erdmann, J., Härri, J., Spyropoulos, T.: Including pedestrian and bicycle traffic into the traffic simulation SUMO. In: ITS 2014, 10th ITS European Congress, 16–19 June 2014, Helsinki, Finland (2014)
Krajzewicz, D., Hertkorn, G., Rössel, C., Wagner, P.: SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) - an open-source traffic simulation. In: 4th Middle East Symposium on Simulation and Modelling, pp. 183–187 (2002)
Martina, S., Paolieri, M., Papini, T., Vicario, E.: Performance evaluation of Fischer’s protocol through steady-state analysis of Markov regenerative processes. In: 2016 IEEE 24th International Symposium on MASCOTS, pp. 355–360 (2016)
Nagy, E., Csiszár, C.: Analysis of delay causes in railway passenger transportation. Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng. 43(2), 73–80 (2015)
Ondráček, J., et al.: Contribution of the road traffic to air pollution in the Prague city (busy speedway and suburban crossroads). Atmos. Environ. 45(29), 5090–5100 (2011)
Paolieri, M., Horváth, A., Vicario, E.: Probabilistic model checking of regenerative concurrent systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 42(2), 153–169 (2016)
Peng, G., Cai, X., Liu, C., Cao, B., Tuo, M.: Optimal velocity difference model for a car-following theory. Phys. Lett. A 375(45), 3973–3977 (2011)
Shi, J., Sun, Y., Schonfeld, P., Qi, J.: Joint optimization of tram timetables and signal timing adjustments at intersections. Transp. Res. C-Emerg. 83, 104–119 (2017)
Tang, T., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Wu, Y.: A new car-following model accounting for varying road condition. Nonlinear Dyn. 70(2), 1397–1405 (2012)
Tonguz, O.K., Viriyasitavat, W., Bai, F.: Modeling urban traffic: a cellular automata approach. IEEE Commun. Mag. 47(5), 142–150 (2009)
Vicario, E.: Static analysis and dynamic steering of time dependent systems using time Petri nets. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 27(1), 728–748 (2001)
Vicario, E., Sassoli, L., Carnevali, L.: Using stochastic state classes in quantitative evaluation of dense-time reactive systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 35, 703–719 (2009)
Yang, J., Deng, W., Wang, J., Li, Q., Wang, Z.: Modeling pedestrians’ road crossing behavior in traffic system micro-simulation in China. Transp. Res. A-Policy 40(3), 280–290 (2006)
Yoshimura, S.: MATES : multi-agent based traffic and environmental simulator-theory, implementation and practical application. Comput. Model. Eng. Sci. 11(1), 17–25 (2006)
Zeng, W., Chen, P., Nakamura, H., Iryo-Asano, M.: Application of social force model to pedestrian behavior analysis at signalized crosswalk. Transp. Res. C-Emerg. 40, 143–159 (2014)
Zheng, L.J., Tian, C., Sun, D.H., Liu, W.N.: A new car-following model with consideration of anticipation driving behavior. Nonlinear Dyn. 70(2), 1205–1211 (2012)
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Carnevali, L., Fantechi, A., Gori, G., Vicario, E. (2018). Analysis of a Road/Tramway Intersection by the ORIS Tool. In: Atig, M., Bensalem, S., Bliudze, S., Monsuez, B. (eds) Verification and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems. VECoS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11181. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00359-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00359-3_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00358-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00359-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)