Abstract
Connectivity of a sensor network depends critically on tolerance to node failures. Nodes may fail due to several reasons, including energy exhaustion, material fatigue, environmental hazards or deliberate attacks. Although most routing algorithms for sensor networks have the ability to circumvent zones where nodes have crashed, if too many nodes fail the network may become disconnected.
A sensible strategy for increasing the dependability of a sensor network consists in deploying more nodes than strictly necessary, to replace crashed nodes. Spare nodes that are not fundamental for routing or sensing may go to sleep. To ensure proper operation of the sensor network, sleeping nodes should monitor active nodes frequently. If crashed nodes are not replaced, messages follow sub-optimal routes (which are energy inefficient) and, furthermore, the network may eventually become partitioned due to the effect of accumulated crashes. On the other hand, to save the energy, nodes should remain sleeping as much as possible. In fact, if the energy consumed with the monitoring process is too high, spare nodes may exhaust their batteries (and the batteries of active nodes) before they are needed.
This paper studies the optimal monitoring period in fault-tolerant sensor networks to ensure that: i) the network remains connected (i.e., crashed nodes are detected and substituted fast enough to avoid the network partition) and, ii) the lifetime of the network is maximized (i.e., inactive nodes save as much battery as possible).
This work was partially supported by the LaSIGE and by the FCT project P-SON POSC/EIA/60941/2004 via POSI and FEDER funds.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
The ns Manual, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation
Bhardwaj, M., Chandrakasan, A., Garnett, T.: Upper bounds on the lifetime of sensor networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 785–790 (2001)
Blough, D., Santi, P.: Investigating upper bounds on network lifetime extension for cell-based energy conservation techniques in stationary ad hoc networks. In: ACM Mobicom (2002)
Bose, P., Morin, P., Stojmenović, I., Urrutia, J.: Routing with guaranteed delivery in ad hoc wireless networks. In: International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communications (DIALM), pp. 48–55 (1999)
Calinescu, G., Mandoiu, I., Zelikovsky, A.: Symmetric connectivity with minimum power consumption in radio networks. In: 17th IFIP World Computer Congress, pp. 119–130 (2002)
Chang, J., Tassiulas, L.: Routing for maximum system lifetime in wireless ad-hoc networks. In: 37-th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Monticello, IL (September 1999)
Chang, J.-H., Tassiulas, L.: Energy conserving routing in wireless ad-hoc networks. In: INFOCOM (1), pp. 22–31 (2000)
Chen, B., Jamieson, K., Balakrishnan, H., Morris, R.: Span: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. Wireless Networks 8(5), 481–494 (2002)
Chen, G., Stojmenovic, I.: Clustering and routing in wireless ad hoc networks. Technical Report TR-99-05, Department of Computer Science, SITE, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada (June 1999)
Chessa, S., Santi, P.: Crash faults identification in wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications 45(2), 126–143 (2002)
Datta, A.: Fault-tolerant and energy-efficient permutation routing protocol for wireless networks. In: International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2003 (2003)
Feeney, L.M., Nilsson, M.: Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment. In: IEEE INFOCOM (2001)
Hajiaghayi, M., Immorlica, N., Mirrokni, V.S.: Power optimization in fault-tolerant topology control algorithms for wireless multi-hop networks. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp. 300–312. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Jain, R., Puri, A., Sengupta, R.: Geographical routing using partial information for wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Personal Communication, 48–57 (February 2001)
Johnson, D.B., Maltz, D.A.: Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In: Imielinski, Korth (eds.) Mobile Computing, vol. 353. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1996)
Karp, B., Kung, H.T.: GPRS: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. In: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (2000)
Li, X.-Y., Wan, P.-J., Wang, Y., Yi, C.-W.: Fault tolerant deployment and topology control in wireless networks. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing, pp. 117–128. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Perkins, C.: Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (1997)
Perkins, C., Bhagwat, P.: Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. In: ACM SIGCOMM 1994 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, pp. 234–244 (1994)
Raghunathan, V., Schurgers, C., Park, S., Srivastava, M.B.: Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 40–50 (March 2002)
Rodoplu, V., Meng, T.: Minimum energy mobile wireless networks. In: 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 1998, Atlanta, GA, vol. 3, pp. 1633–1639 (June 1998)
Singh, S., Raghavendra, C.: Pamas: Power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks. ACM Computer Communication Review (July 1998)
Stemm, M., Katz, R.H.: Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in hand-held devices. IEICE Transactions on Communications E80-B(8), 1125–1131 (1997)
Stojmenovic, I.: Position-based routing in ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Magazine (July 2002)
Stojmenovic, I., Lin, X.: Power-aware localized routing in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 12(11), 1122–1133 (2001)
Wang, X., Xing, G., Zhang, Y., Lu, C., Pless, R., Gill, C.: Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration in wireless sensor networks. In: SenSys 2003: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pp. 28–39. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Wang, Y., Li, X.-Y.: Geometric spanners for wireless ad hoc networks. In: The 22nd IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (2002)
Wu, J., Wu, B., Stojmenovic, I.: Power-aware broadcasting and activity scheduling in ad hoc wireless networks using connected dominating sets. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 4(1), 425–438 (2003)
Xu, Y., Bien, S., Mori, Y., Heidemann, J., Estrin, D.: Topology control protocols to conserve energy inwireless ad hoc networks. Technical Report 6, University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Embedded Networked Computing, submitted for publication (January 2003)
Xu, Y., Heidemann, J.S., Estrin, D.: Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In: Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 70–84 (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Araújo, F., Rodrigues, L. (2005). On the Monitoring Period for Fault-Tolerant Sensor Networks. In: Maziero, C.A., Gabriel Silva, J., Andrade, A.M.S., de Assis Silva, F.M. (eds) Dependable Computing. LADC 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3747. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11572329_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11572329_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-29572-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-32092-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)