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. 2023 Dec;12(6):3121-3132.
doi: 10.1007/s40123-023-00805-x. Epub 2023 Sep 14.

The Use of ChatGPT to Assist in Diagnosing Glaucoma Based on Clinical Case Reports

Mohammad Delsoz  1 , Hina Raja  1 , Yeganeh Madadi  1 , Anthony A Tang  1 , Barbara M Wirostko  2 , Malik Y Kahook  3 , Siamak Yousefi  4   5
Affiliations

The Use of ChatGPT to Assist in Diagnosing Glaucoma Based on Clinical Case Reports

Mohammad Delsoz et al. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capabilities of large language models such as Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) to diagnose glaucoma based on specific clinical case descriptions with comparison to the performance of senior ophthalmology resident trainees.

Methods: We selected 11 cases with primary and secondary glaucoma from a publicly accessible online database of case reports. A total of four cases had primary glaucoma including open-angle, juvenile, normal-tension, and angle-closure glaucoma, while seven cases had secondary glaucoma including pseudo-exfoliation, pigment dispersion glaucoma, glaucomatocyclitic crisis, aphakic, neovascular, aqueous misdirection, and inflammatory glaucoma. We input the text of each case detail into ChatGPT and asked for provisional and differential diagnoses. We then presented the details of 11 cases to three senior ophthalmology residents and recorded their provisional and differential diagnoses. We finally evaluated the responses based on the correct diagnoses and evaluated agreements.

Results: The provisional diagnosis based on ChatGPT was correct in eight out of 11 (72.7%) cases and three ophthalmology residents were correct in six (54.5%), eight (72.7%), and eight (72.7%) cases, respectively. The agreement between ChatGPT and the first, second, and third ophthalmology residents were 9, 7, and 7, respectively.

Conclusions: The accuracy of ChatGPT in diagnosing patients with primary and secondary glaucoma, using specific case examples, was similar or better than senior ophthalmology residents. With further development, ChatGPT may have the potential to be used in clinical care settings, such as primary care offices, for triaging and in eye care clinical practices to provide objective and quick diagnoses of patients with glaucoma.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI); ChatGPT; Differential diagnosis; Glaucoma; Large language models (LLM); Provisional diagnosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Mohammad Delsoz, Hina Raja, Yeganeh Madadi, Anthony A. Tang, and Malik Y. Kahook have nothing to disclose. Barbara M. Wirostko: Works for MyEyes LLC, and provides consultation for Qlaris Bio and iCare. Siamak Yousefi: Received prototype instruments from Remidio, M&S Technologies, and Visrtucal Fields. He gives consultations to the InsihgtAEye and Enolink.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A sample case description input into the ChatGPT model and corresponding responses
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