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. 2023 Oct;27(10):857-864.
doi: 10.1007/s10157-023-02370-w. Epub 2023 Jun 30.

Reference blood pressure values obtained using the auscultation method for 2-year-old Japanese children: from the Japan Environment and Children's Study

Naoya Fujita  1 , Hidetoshi Mezawa  2 , Kyongsun Pak  3 , Osamu Uemura  4 , Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada  2 , Miori Sato  2 , Mayako Saito-Abe  2 , Yumiko Miyaji  2 , Limin Yang  2 , Minaho Nishizato  2 , Yukihiro Ohya  2 , Kenji Ishikura  5 , Yuko Hamasaki  6 , Tomoyuki Sakai  7 , Kazuna Yamamoto  7 , Shuichi Ito  8 , Masataka Honda  9 , Yoshimitsu Gotoh  10 ; Japan Environment, Children’s Study Group
Collaborators, Affiliations

Reference blood pressure values obtained using the auscultation method for 2-year-old Japanese children: from the Japan Environment and Children's Study

Naoya Fujita et al. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2023 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Reference blood pressure (BP) values for Japanese children based on a large number of measurements by auscultation have not yet been established.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a birth-cohort study. The data from the sub-cohort study conducted for children at the age of 2 years in the Japan Environment and Children's Study from April 2015 to January 2017 were analyzed. BP was measured via auscultation using an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Each participant was measured in triplicate, and the average value of two consecutive measurements with a difference of less than 5 mmHg was recorded. The reference BP values were estimated using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method and compared with those obtained via the polynomial regression model.

Results: Data from 3361 participants were analyzed. Although the difference between the estimated BP values by the LMS and the polynomial regression model was small, the LMS model was more valid based on the results of the fit curve of the observed values and regression models for each model. For 2-year-old children with heights in the 50th percentile, the 50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentile reference values of systolic BP (mmHg) for boys were 91, 102, 106, and 112, and that for girls were 90, 101, 103, and 109, respectively, and those of diastolic BP for boys were 52, 62, 65, and 71, and that for girls were 52, 62, 65, and 71, respectively.

Conclusion: The reference BP values for 2-year-old Japanese children were determined based on auscultation and were made available.

Keywords: Aneroid sphygmomanometer; Auscultation; Blood pressure; LMS method; Polynomial regression model; Reference value.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowcharts for selecting participants for SBP and DBP analysis. SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BP blood pressure, *S1–*S5 the detailed contents and number of each item are shown in Supplementary Table S4; *Sa-*Sd the detailed breakdowns of each number are shown in Supplementary Table S4
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