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. 2017 Jan 6;12(1):e0169642.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169642. eCollection 2017.

Steady-State Motion Visual Evoked Potential (SSMVEP) Based on Equal Luminance Colored Enhancement

Wenqiang Yan  1 , Guanghua Xu  1   2 , Min Li  1 , Jun Xie  1 , Chengcheng Han  1 , Sicong Zhang  1 , Ailing Luo  1   2 , Chaoyang Chen  3
Affiliations

Steady-State Motion Visual Evoked Potential (SSMVEP) Based on Equal Luminance Colored Enhancement

Wenqiang Yan et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) is one of the typical stimulation paradigms of brain-computer interface (BCI). It has become a research approach to improve the performance of human-computer interaction, because of its advantages including multiple objectives, less recording electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, and strong anti-interference capacity. Traditional SSVEP using light flicker stimulation may cause visual fatigue with a consequent reduction of recognition accuracy. To avoid the negative impacts on the brain response caused by prolonged strong visual stimulation for SSVEP, steady-state motion visual evoked potential (SSMVEP) stimulation method was used in this study by an equal-luminance colored ring-shaped checkerboard paradigm. The movement patterns of the checkerboard included contraction and expansion, which produced less discomfort to subjects. Feature recognition algorithms based on power spectrum density (PSD) peak was used to identify the peak frequency on PSD in response to visual stimuli. Results demonstrated that the equal-luminance red-green stimulating paradigm within the low frequency spectrum (lower than 15 Hz) produced higher power of SSMVEP and recognition accuracy than black-white stimulating paradigm. PSD-based SSMVEP recognition accuracy was 88.15±6.56%. There was no statistical difference between canonical correlation analysis (CCA) (86.57±5.37%) and PSD on recognition accuracy. This study demonstrated that equal-luminance colored ring-shaped checkerboard visual stimulation evoked SSMVEP with better SNR on low frequency spectrum of power density and improved the interactive performance of BCI.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Pathways of human visual cortex.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Pattern of checkerboard paradigm.
The coordinate (x, y) in the formulas (1) and (2) refer to the coordinate position of each pixel of the pattern on the display screen.
Fig 3
Fig 3. BCI lab table.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Configuration of electrode locations used in this study.
Fig 5
Fig 5. The process of experiment (a).
(a) The experiment process of task 1 and task 2. (b) The experiment process of task 3 and task 4.
Fig 6
Fig 6. The process of experiment (b).
Fig 7
Fig 7. The process of experiment (c).
Fig 8
Fig 8. Average power spectrum density of subjects at different stimulation frequencies.
(a) Average power spectrum density of subjects at 11 Hz. Equal-luminance red-green checkerboard induced higher EEG SNR. (b) Average power spectrum density of subjects at 16 Hz. The differences of the two paradigms are not significant. (c) Average power spectrum density of subjects at 18 Hz. The differences of the two paradigms are not significant. (d) Average power spectrum density of subjects at 8 Hz. We shortened the stimulus duration per trial to 2 seconds and equal-luminance red-green checkerboard still induced higher SNR.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Average power spectrum density variance maps of subjects at 11 Hz and 16 Hz.
(a) Average power spectrum density variance map of subjects at 11 Hz. The equal-luminance colored stimulus has a significant effect on the brain response than black-white. (b) Average power spectrum density variance map of subjects at 16 Hz. There is no significant difference on the brain response between black-white and red-green stimulus at middle frequency spectrum (16 Hz).
Fig 10
Fig 10. Mean variance histogram of the recognition accuracy of subjects with different stimulation duration.
First, we calculated the accuracy of each subject with different stimulation duration. Then we averaged recognition accuracy of 9 subjects according to stimulation duration. The equal-luminance red-green checkerboard always has higher recognition accuracy than that of the black-white checkerboard.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Power spectrum density of subjects at 10.5 Hz.
Fig 12
Fig 12. The off-line recognition accuracy error bar chart of subjects.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91420301). No additional external funding was received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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