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. 2016 Nov:121:11-20.
doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.08.010.

Seasonal changes in neophobia and its consistency in rooks: the effect of novelty type and dominance position

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Seasonal changes in neophobia and its consistency in rooks: the effect of novelty type and dominance position

Alison L Greggor et al. Anim Behav. 2016 Nov.

Abstract

Neophobia, or the fear of novelty, may offer benefits to animals by limiting their exposure to unknown danger, but can also impose costs by preventing the exploration of potential resources. The costs and benefits of neophobia may vary throughout the year if predation pressure, resource distribution or conspecific competition changes seasonally. Despite such variation, neophobia levels are often assumed to be temporally and individually stable. Whether or not neophobia expression changes seasonally and fluctuates equally for all individuals is crucial to understanding the drivers, consequences and plasticity of novelty avoidance. We investigated seasonal differences and individual consistency in the motivation and novelty responses of a captive group of rooks, Corvus frugilegus, a seasonally breeding, colonial species of corvid that is known for being neophobic. We tested the group around novel objects and novel people to determine whether responses generalized across novelty types, and considered whether differences in dominance could influence the social risk of approaching unknown stimuli. We found that the group's level of object neophobia was stable year-round, but individuals were not consistent between seasons, despite being consistent within seasons. In contrast, the group's avoidance of novel people decreased during the breeding season, and individuals were consistent year-round. Additionally, although subordinate birds were more likely to challenge dominants during the breeding season, this social risk taking did not translate to greater novelty approach. Since seasonal variation and individual consistency varied differently towards each novelty type, responses towards novel objects and people seem to be governed by different mechanisms. Such a degree of fluctuation has consequences for other individually consistent behaviours often measured within the nonhuman personality literature.

Keywords: dominance; individual consistency; neophobia; predatory wariness; seasonal change.

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Figures

Figure A1
Figure A1
Examples of novel objects.
Figure A2
Figure A2
Food bowl approach by dominance in two periods of the nonbreeding season. Inverted survival curves on the restricted data set containing birds present in all seasons; likelihood that birds of different dominance rank approached the food bowl in both conditions in the (a) summer of 2014 before two individuals were added and (b) autumn of 2014 after two individuals were added. Dotted lines show confidence intervals. Dominance ranks were grouped evenly into categories of ‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ for graphical representation, but were analysed as a continuous variable.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Food bowl approach. Inverted survival curves showing the likelihood that birds of different dominance ranks approached the food bowl in both object and nonobject conditions over time in the (a) breeding and (b) nonbreeding season. Dotted lines show confidence intervals. Dominance ranks were grouped evenly into categories of ‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ for graphical representation, but were analysed as a continuous variable. Only variables of interest were included in the models used to produce the graphs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Novel and familiar people approach. Inverted survival curves showing the increasing probability that birds approached the experimenter over time, broken down by condition in the (a) breeding and (b) nonbreeding season. Dotted lines denote confidence intervals. Only variables of interest were included in models used to produce the graphs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Approach rankings across time and experimental condition. Comparisons of (a) novel object test and (b) nonobject control rankings between seasons of 2014 and of (c) test and (d) control between breeding seasons of 2010 versus 2014. Correlations and P values are shown. Tied ranks occurred when individuals showed identical approach behaviour over the season.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Approach rankings within seasons and across types of stimuli. Comparisons of (a) breeding and (b) nonbreeding season test rankings, and of (c) breeding and (d) nonbreeding season control ranks. Correlations and adjusted P values are shown. Tied ranks occurred if individuals approached or did not approach in the same frequencies.

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