Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lěto

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *laita, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁tóm, *loyt- (“warm part of the year”). Cognate with Old Irish laithe n (“day”), Swedish låding, lådig (“spring”).

Noun

*lě̀to n

1. summer
2. year

Declension

Declension of *lě̀to (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*lě̀to	*lě̀tě	*lě̀ta
genitive	*lě̀ta	*lě̀tu	*lě̀tъ
dative	*lě̀tu	*lě̀toma	*lě̀tomъ
accusative	*lě̀to	*lě̀tě	*lě̀ta
instrumental	*lě̀tъmь, *lě̀tomь*	*lě̀toma	*lě̀tȳ
locative	*lě̀tě	*lě̀tu	*lě̀tě̄xъ
vocative	*lě̀to	*lě̀tě	*lě̀ta

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: лѣто (lěto)
    • Old Ruthenian: лѣто (lěto)
      • Belarusian: ле́та (ljéta)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: лї́то (ljíto)
      • Ukrainian: лі́то (líto)
    • Russian: ле́то (léto), ле́та (léta, “year (only)”)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: лѣто (lěto)

    Glagolitic script: ⰾⱑⱅⱁ (lěto)

  • Bulgarian: ля́то (ljáto)
  • Macedonian: лето (leto)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ле̏то, ље̏то

    Latin script: lȅto, ljȅto

  • Slovene: lẹ́to (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: léto
    • Czech: léto
    • Knaanic: לֵיטוֹ (léto)
  • Polabian: ľotü
  • Old Polish: lato
    • Polish: lato
    • Silesian: lato
  • Slovak: leto
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: lato
    • Slovincian: latô
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: lěto, lěćo
    • Lower Sorbian: lěto, lěśe

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Romanian: leat

See also

• (seasons) *vermę goda; *jaro / *vesna, *lěto, *(j)esenь, *zima

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лето”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*lěto”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 8