Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. Beside surgery, it is treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, many patients relapse after adjuvant therapy. The recent identification of several key molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma is spreading development of a number of new translational targeted therapies which could play an important role in overcoming or minimizing resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and proapoptotic therapies. This review summarizes environmental factors and the most significant molecular events involved in melanoma pathogenesis, disclosing mechanisms responsible for drug resistance and pointing out the clinical view for emerging targeted therapies. Standard therapies and an update on the current clinical trials are also described.
Keywords: Drug resistance, melanoma, BRAF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AF/MEK/ERK, sensitivity, targeted therapy, MEK, ERK, gene mutations
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Electrospun Fibers as Drug Delivery Systems
In recent years, electrospun fibers have attracted considerable attention as potential platforms for drug delivery due to their distinctive properties and adaptability. These fibers feature a notable surface area-to-volume ratio and can be intentionally designed with high porosity, facilitating an increased capacity for drug loading and rendering them suitable for ...read more
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Exosome-Based Drug Delivery for Regenerative Medicine
Exosome-based drug delivery is emerging as a transformative technology in regenerative medicine due to exosomes' natural ability to mediate intercellular communication and carry bioactive molecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This thematic issue focuses on exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic delivery, harnessing their potential to enhance tissue repair, immune ...read more
Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from almost all types of cells into extracellular space. EVs are categorized into different types including exosome (~30-150 nm), microvesicle or microparticle (~100-1,000 nm), apoptotic body (~1,000-5,000 nm), and others produced by different mechanisms. Since EVs bear the molecules (e.g., specific lipids, carbohydrates, ...read more
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