Blueprint for a Scalable Photonic Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer

J. Eli Bourassa; Rafael N. Alexander; Michael Vasmer; Ashlesha Patil; Ilan Tzitrin; Takaya Matsuura; Daiqin Su; Ben Q. Baragiola; Saikat Guha; Guillaume Dauphinais; Krishna K. Sabapathy; Nicolas C. Menicucci; Ish Dhand

doi:10.22331/q-2021-02-04-392

Blueprint for a Scalable Photonic Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer

J. Eli Bourassa^1,2, Rafael N. Alexander^1,3,4, Michael Vasmer^5,6, Ashlesha Patil^1,7, Ilan Tzitrin^1,2, Takaya Matsuura^1,8, Daiqin Su¹, Ben Q. Baragiola^1,4, Saikat Guha^1,7, Guillaume Dauphinais¹, Krishna K. Sabapathy¹, Nicolas C. Menicucci^1,4, and Ish Dhand¹

¹Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada
²Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
³Center for Quantum Information and Control, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
⁴Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
⁵Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁶Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
⁸Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan

Published:	2021-02-04, volume 5, page 392
Eprint:	arXiv:2010.02905v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-02-04-392
Citation:	Quantum 5, 392 (2021).

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Abstract

Photonics is the platform of choice to build a modular, easy-to-network quantum computer operating at room temperature. However, no concrete architecture has been presented so far that exploits both the advantages of qubits encoded into states of light and the modern tools for their generation. Here we propose such a design for a scalable fault-tolerant photonic quantum computer informed by the latest developments in theory and technology. Central to our architecture is the generation and manipulation of three-dimensional resource states comprising both bosonic qubits and squeezed vacuum states. The proposal exploits state-of-the-art procedures for the non-deterministic generation of bosonic qubits combined with the strengths of continuous-variable quantum computation, namely the implementation of Clifford gates using easy-to-generate squeezed states. Moreover, the architecture is based on two-dimensional integrated photonic chips used to produce a qubit cluster state in one temporal and two spatial dimensions. By reducing the experimental challenges as compared to existing architectures and by enabling room-temperature quantum computation, our design opens the door to scalable fabrication and operation, which may allow photonics to leap-frog other platforms on the path to a quantum computer with millions of qubits.

Popular summary

The prototypical quantum computer ought to be universal, fault-tolerant, and scalable: ready to run any quantum algorithm, detect and correct the accruing errors, and accommodate scores of qubits. But there is a lot more to the design of a practical quantum computer, where one also looks for qualities like modularity, networkability, speed, and room-temperature operation. The photonic platform – a computer based on quantum states of light – gives perhaps the best hope to satisfy these criteria. In our paper we present the first detailed, comprehensive, top-down blueprint for such a computer. Our main theoretical innovation is to utilize a hybrid quantum state of light consisting of powerful but experimentally challenging checkerboard states, and more limited but easier-to-produce squeezed states. We lay out a complete mechanism for generating, processing, and measuring this state in the course of a fault-tolerant computation. The device we propose needs only planar, specialized, moderately-sized integrated photonic chips, a technology familiar to the telecommunications industry. The cryostats it needs – for the moment – are small and commercially available. And the quantum processor in our design establishes a brisk clock speed. These features, made possible by the flexibility of the photonic platform and by theoretical advancements in encoding and decoding that we detail, bring us closer to an operational quantum computer and its remarkable consequences.

► BibTeX data

@article{Bourassa2021blueprintscalable,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2021-02-04-392},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-02-04-392},
  title = {Blueprint for a {S}calable {P}hotonic {F}ault-{T}olerant {Q}uantum {C}omputer},
  author = {Bourassa, J. Eli and Alexander, Rafael N. and Vasmer, Michael and Patil, Ashlesha and Tzitrin, Ilan and Matsuura, Takaya and Su, Daiqin and Baragiola, Ben Q. and Guha, Saikat and Dauphinais, Guillaume and Sabapathy, Krishna K. and Menicucci, Nicolas C. and Dhand, Ish},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {392},
  month = feb,
  year = {2021}
}

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[75] M. AbuGhanem, "Information Processing at the Speed of Light", SSRN Electronic Journal (2024).

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Blueprint for a Scalable Photonic Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer

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