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Abstract
Rhotic sounds are well known for their considerable phonetic variation within and across languages and their complexity in speech production. Although rhotics in many languages have been examined and documented, the phonetic features of Mandarin rhotics remain unclear, and debates about the prevocalic rhotic (the syllable-onset rhotic) persist. This paper extends the investigation of rhotic sounds by examining the articulatory and acoustic features of Mandarin Chinese rhotics in prevocalic, syllabic (the rhotacized vowel [ɚ]), and postvocalic (r-suffix) positions. Eighteen speakers from Northern China were recorded using ultrasound imaging. Results showed that Mandarin syllabic and postvocalic rhotics can be articulated with various tongue shapes, including tongue-tip-up retroflex and tongue-tip-down bunched shapes. Different tongue shapes have no significant acoustic differences in the first three formants, demonstrating a many-to-one articulation-acoustics relationship. The prevocalic rhotics in our data were found to be articulated only with bunched tongue shapes, and were sometimes produced with frication noise at the start. In general, rhotics in all syllable positions are characterized by a close F2 and F3, though the prevocalic rhotic has a higher F2 and F3 than the syllabic and postvocalic rhotics. The effects of syllable position and vowel context are also discussed.
Funding source: National Institutes of Health
Award Identifier / Grant number: DC-002717
Funding source: Youth Development Program (YDP) at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2024QQJH025
Funding source: Global Scholarship Programme for Research Excellence scholarship
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Mark Tiede and Dr. Wei-rong Chen for helping with the ultrasound imaging and ultrasound data processing at Haskins Laboratories. We also want to thank our participants for making our experiments possible.
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Research funding: The study was supported by a graduate studentship and a Global Scholarship Programme for Research Excellence scholarship from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, as well as a Youth Development Program (YDP) grant (2024QQJH025) from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences awarded to the first author. The experiment conducted at Haskins was supported by NIH grant DC-002717 to Haskins Laboratories. The Siemens ACUSON X300 system at Haskins Laboratories was available due to a generous loan agreement with Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.
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Author contributions: Shuwen Chen designed and conducted the experiment under the supervision of Peggy Pik Ki Mok and Douglas H. Whalen. Shuwen Chen also did the statistical analysis, and took the lead in writing and revising the manuscript. Douglas H. Whalen supervised the ultrasound experiment conducted at Haskins Laboratories, and also contributed to the writing and revision of all sections. Peggy Pik Ki Mok contributed to the conception of this research, the design of the stimuli, supervised the ultrasound experiment conducted in Hong Kong, and the writing and revision of this paper.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ethics Statement: Signed consent forms were obtained from all participants recruited in the United States and in Hong Kong. The experiment was approved by the Yale University Human Investigation Safeguards (HIC) (No. 0706002750) and The Chinese University of Hong Kong Survey and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee.
Appendix: The stimuli
Words with the prevocalic rhotic.
| Vowel context | Word | Meaning | Chinese character |
|---|---|---|---|
| ʅ | ɹʅ51 | Sun | 日 |
| ɤ | ɹɤ51 | Hot | 热 |
| u | ɹu51 | Enter | 入 |
| a | ɹan35 | But | 然 |
| ɑ | ɹɑŋ51 | Allow | 让 |
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*/ɹa/is phonotactically illegal in Mandarin Chinese.
Words with the syllabic rhotic (rhotacized vowel).
| Word | Meaning | Chinese character |
|---|---|---|
| ɹ̩35 | Son | 儿 |
| ɹ̩214 | Ear | 耳 |
| ɹ̩51 | Two | 二 |
Words with the postvocalic rhotic (r-suffix).
| Vowel context | Word | Meaning | Chinese character |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | tɕiɹ55 | Chicken | 鸡儿 |
| ɿ | sɿɹ55 | Thread | 丝儿 |
| ʅ | tʂʅɹ55 | Branch | 枝儿 |
| y | yɹ55 | Fish | 鱼儿 |
| u | huɹ35 | Soul | 魂儿 |
| a | paɹ55 | Handle | 把儿 |
| ɤ | kɤɹ55 | Song | 歌儿 |
Words comparing the syllabic rhotic with the diminutive suffix.
| Vowel | Word (syllabic rhotic) | Word (diminutive suffix) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Meaning | Chinese character | IPA | Meaning | Chinese character | |
| i | tɕhi51.ɹ̩35 | ‘Abandoned children’ | 弃儿 | tɕhiɹ51 | ‘Breath’ | 气儿 |
| y | y35.ɹ̩214 | ‘Fish bait’ | 鱼饵 | yɹ55 | ‘Small fish’ | 鱼儿 |
| u | tʂu55.ɹ̩214 | ‘Pig’s ear’ | 猪耳 | tʂuɹ55 | ‘Pearl’ | 珠儿 |
| ɤ | tʂɤ51.ɹ̩214 | Zhe’er (A proper name) | 浙尔 | tʂɤɹ51 | ‘Here’ | 这儿 |
| xɤ35.ɹ̩51 | He’er (A person’s name) | 何二 | xɤɹ35 | ‘Small boxes’ | 盒儿 | |
| a | tʂha55.ɹ̩51 | ‘Missing two (of something)’ | 差二 | tʂhaɹ55 | ‘Cross’ | 叉儿 |
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