In most city water distribution systems, a considerable amount of water is lost because of leaks occurring in pipes. Moreover, an unobservable fluid leakage fault that may occur in a hazardous industrial system, such as nuclear power plant cooling process or chemical waste disposal, can cause both environmental and economical disasters. This situation generates crucial interest for industry and academia due to the financial cost related with public health risks, environmental responsibility, and energy efficiency. In this paper, to find a reliable and economic solution for this problem, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method which consists of backpropagation and least-squares learning algorithms is proposed for estimating leakage locations in a complex water distribution system. The hybrid algorithm is trained with acceleration, pressure, and flow rate data measured through the sensors located on some specific points of the complex water distribution system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is discussed comparing the results with the current methods popularly used in this area.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
Topics:
Algorithms,
Errors,
Flow (Dynamics),
Leakage,
Pipes,
Sensors,
Water,
Pressure,
Probability,
Water leakage
References
1.
Brothers
, K. J.
, 2001
, “Water Leakage and Sustainable Supply-Truth or Consequences?
,” J. AWWA-Am. Water Works Assoc.
, 93
(4
), pp. 150
–152
.2.
Thornton, R. J., Sturm, R., and George, K.,
2008
, Water Loss Control
, Wiley
, New York
.3.
Puust
, R.
, Kapelan, Z., Savic, D. A., and Koppel, T., 2010
, “A Review of Methods for Leakage Management in Pipe Networks
,” Urban Water J.
, 7
(1
), pp. 25
–45
.4.
O'Day
, D. K.
, 1982
, “Organizing and Analyzing Leak and Break Data for Making Main Replacement Decisions
,” J.-Am. Water Works Assoc.
, 74
(11
), pp. 589
–594
.5.
Wiggert
, D. C.
, 1968
, “Unsteady Flows in Lines With Distributed Leakage
,” ASCE J. Hydraulics Div.
, 94
, pp. 143
–161
.http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=00152756.
Greyvenstein
, B.
, and van Zyl
, J. E.
, 2005
, “An Experimental Investigation Into the Pressure-Leakage Relationship of Some Failed Water Pipes
,” Leakage 2005 Conference
, Halifax, NS, Canada.7.
Stenberg
, R.
, 1982
, “Leak Detection in Water Supply Systems
,” The Swedish Water and Waste Water Works Association, Stockholm, Sweden.8.
Thornton
, J.
, 2002
, Water Loss Control Manual
, McGraw-Hill
, New York
.9.
Farley
, M.
, and Trow
, S.
, 2003
, Losses in Water Distribution Networks
, IWA Publishing
, London
.10.
Scott
, S. L.
, and Barrufet
, M. A
, “Worldwide Assessment of Industry Leak Detection Capabilities for Single & Multi-Phase Pipelines
,” Offshore Technology Research Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, Report No. 1435-01-99-CA-31003
.https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/tap-technical-assessment-program/409aa.pdf11.
Pilcher
, R.
, 2003
, “Leak Detection Practices and Techniques: A Practical Approach
,” Water
, 21
, pp. 44
–45
.http://env1.kangwon.ac.kr/leakage/2009/knowledge/papers/techniques/leak_detect_practices.pdf12.
Pilcher
, R.
, Hamilton
, S.
, Chapman
, H.
, Ristovski
, B.
, and Strapely
, S.
, 2007
, “Leak Location and Repair Guidance Notes
,” International Water Association—Water Loss Task Forces: Specialist Group Efficient Operation and Management
, Bucharest, Romania, pp. 12–18.13.
Liemberger
, R.
, and Farley
, M.
, 2004
, “Developing a Non-Revenue Water Reduction Strategy—Part 1: Investigating and Assessing Water Losses
,” IWA WWC Conference
, Marrakech, Morocco, Sept. 19–24, pp. 1–10.https://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/LIEMBERGER%20FARLEY%202004%20Developing%20a%20NRW%20Reduction%20Strategy.pdf14.
Tuhovcak
, L.
, Svoboda
, M.
, Svitak
, Z.
, and Tothova
, K.
, 2005
, “The Technical Audit of Water Distribution Network Using the Different Leakage Indicators
,” Leakage 2005 Conference
, Halifax, Canada.http://rash.apanela.com/tf/leakage/The%20Technical%20Audit%20of%20Water%20Distribution%20Network%20Using%20the%20Different%20Leakage%20Indicators.pdf15.
Puust
, R.
, 2007
, “Probabilistic Leak Detection in Pipe Networks Using the SCEM-UA
,” Ph.D. thesis, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.16.
Covas
, D.
, Ramos
, H.
, Lopes
, N.
, and Almeida
, A. B.
, 2006
, “Water Pipe System Diagnosis by Transient Pressure Signals
,” Eighth Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium
, Cincinnati, OH, Aug. 27–30, pp. 1–19.17.
Araujo
, L. S.
, Ramos, H. M., and Coelho, S. T., 2003
, “Estimation of Distributed Pressure-Dependent Leakage and Consumer Demand in Water Supply Networks
,” International Conference on Advances in Water Supply Management
, London, Sept. 15–17.18.
Garcia
, V. J.
, Cabrera
, E.
, and Cabrera
, E.
, Jr., 2006
, “The Minimum Night Flow Method Revisited
,” Eighth Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium
, Cincinnati, OH, Aug. 27–30, pp. 1–18.19.
Vitkovsky
, J. P.
, Liggett
, J. A.
, Simpson
, A. R.
, and Lambert
, M. F.
, 2003
, “Optimal Measurement Site Locations for Inverse Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks
,” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.
, 129
(6
), pp. 480
–492
.20.
Kapelan
, Z.
, Savic
, D. A.
, and Walters
, G. A.
, 2003
, “Multi-Objective Sampling Design for Water Distribution Model Calibration
,” ASCE J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.
, 129
(6
), pp. 466
–479
.21.
Kapelan
, Z.
, Savic
, D. A.
, and Walters
, G. A.
, 2005
, “Optimal Sampling Design Methodologies for Water Distribution Model Calibration
,” J. Hydraulic Eng.
, 131
(3
), pp. 190
–200
.22.
Behzadian
, K.
, Kapelan
, Z.
, Savic
, D. A.
, and Ardeshir
, A.
, 2009
, “Stochastic Sampling Design Using Multi-Objective Generic Algorithm and Adaptive Neural Networks
,” Environ. Modell. Software
, 24
(4
), pp. 530
–541
.23.
Colombo
, A. F.
, Lee
, P.
, and Karney
, B. W.
, 2009
, “A Selective Literature Review of Transient-Based Leak Detection Methods
,” J. Hydro-Environ. Res.
, 2
(4
), pp. 212
–227
.24.
AWWA,
1987
, A Technical/Economic Overview. Leaks in Water Distribution Systems
, American Water Works Association
, Denver, CO
.25.
Cataldo
, A.
, Cannazza
, G.
, De Benedetto
, E.
, and Giaquinto
, N.
, 2012
, “A New Method for Detecting Leaks in Underground Water Pipelines
,” Sens. J., IEEE
, 12
(6
), pp. 1660
–1667
.26.
Cataldo
, A.
, De Benedetto
, E.
, and Cannazza
, G.
, 2011
, Broadband Reflectome-Try for Enhanced Diagnostics and Monitoring Applications
, Springer-Verlag
, Berlin
.27.
Cataldo
, A.
, Piuzzi
, E.
, Cannazza
, G.
, and De Benedetto
, E.
, 2009
, “Dielectric Spectroscopy of Liquids Through a Combined Approach: Evaluation of the Metrological Performance and Feasibility Study on Vegetable Oils
,” Sens. J., IEEE
, 9
(10
), pp. 1226
–1233
.28.
Nozaki
, R.
, and Bose
, T. K.
, 1990
, “Broadband Complex Permittivity Measurements by Time-Domain Spectroscopy
,” Instrum. Meas., IEEE Trans.
, 39
(6
), pp. 945
–951
.29.
Shang
, W.
, Furse
, C.
, and Chet
, L.
, 2006
, “Noncontact Probes for Wire FaultLocation With Reflectometry
,” Sens. J., IEEE
, 6
(6
), pp. 1716
–1721
.30.
Griffiths
, L. A.
, Parakh
, R.
, Furse
, C.
, and Baker
, B.
, 2006
, “The Invisible Fray: A Critical Analysis of the Use of Reflectometry for Fray Location
,” Sens. J., IEEE
, 6
(3
), pp. 697
–706
.31.
Daeil
, K.
, Azarian
, M. H.
, and Pecht
, M.
, 2011
, “Nondestructive Sensing of Interconnect Failure Mechanisms Using Time-Domain Reflectometry
,” Sens. J., IEEE
, 11
(5
), pp. 1236
–1241
.32.
O'Connor
, K. M.
, and Dowding
, C. H.
, 1999
, GeoMeasurements by Pulsing TDR Cables and Probes
, CRC Press
, Boca Raton, FL
.33.
Kupfer
, K.
, 2005
, Electromagnetic Aquametry: Electromagnetic Wave Interaction With Water and Moist Substances
, Springer-Verlag
, New York
.34.
Hager
, N. E.
, III, 2004
, “Monitoring of Cement Hydration by Broadband Time-Domain-Reflectometry Dielectric Spectroscopy
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 96
(9
), pp. 5117
–5128
.35.
Okhovvat
, M.
, and Fallahi
, R.
, 2006
, “Measurements of Antenna Reflection Coefficients in Time Domain
,” IEEE
International Conference Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory
, Kharkiv, Ukraine, June 26–29, pp. 328
–330
.36.
Sanz
, G.
, Pérez, R., and Escobet, A., 2012
, “Leakage Localization in Water Networks Using Fuzzy Logic
,” 20th Mediterranean Conference on in Control & Automation
(MED
), Barcelona, Spain, July 3–6, pp. 646–651.37.
Moczulski
, W.
, Wyczółkowski
, R.
, Ciupke
, K.
, Przystałka
, P.
, Tomasik
, P.
, and Wachla
, D.
, 2016
, “A Methodology of Leakage Detection and Location in Water Distribution Networks—The Case Study
,” Third Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems
(SysTol
), Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 7–9, pp. 331–336.38.
Sousa
, J.
, Ribeiro
, L.
, Muranho
, J.
, and Sá Marques
, A.
, 2015
, “Locating Leaks in Water Distribution Networks With Simulated Annealing and Graph Theory
,” Procedia Eng.
, 119
, pp. 63
–71
.39.
Darnowski
, P.
, Potapczyk
, K.
, and Świrski
, K.
, 2017
, “Investigation of the Recriticality Potential During Reflooding Phase of Fukushima Daiichi Unit-3 Accident
,” Ann. Nucl. Energy
, 99
, pp. 495
–509
.40.
Bellali
, B.
, Hazzab
, A.
, Bousserhane
, I. K.
, and Lefebvre
, D.
, 2012
, “Parameter Estimation for Fault Diagnosis in Nonlinear Systems by ANFIS
,” Procedia Eng.
, 29
, pp. 2016
–2021
.41.
Chen
, B.
, Matthews
, P. C.
, and Tavner
, P. J.
, 2013
, “Wind Turbine Pitch Faults Prognosis Using A-Priori Knowledge-Based ANFIS
,” Expert Syst. Appl.
, 40
(17
), pp. 6863
–6876
.42.
Lau
, C. K.
, Heng
, Y. S.
, Hussain
, M. A.
, and Mohamad Nor
, M. I.
, 2010
, “Fault Diagnosis of the Polypropylene Production Process (UNIPOL PP) Using ANFIS
,” ISA Trans.
, 49
(4
), pp. 559
–566
.43.
Salahshoor
, K.
, Kordestani
, M.
, and Khoshro
, M. S.
, 2010
, “Fault Detection and Diagnosis of an Industrial Steam Turbine Using Fusion of SVM (Support Vector Machine) and ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) Classifiers
,” Energy
, 35
(12
), pp. 5472
–5482
.44.
Yoschenko
, V.
, Nanba
, K.
, Yoshida
, S.
, Watanabe
, Y.
, Takase
, T.
, Sato
, N.
, and Keitoku
, K.
, 2016
, “Morphological Abnormalities in Japanese Red Pine (Pinus Densiflora) at the Territories Contaminated as a Result of the Accident at Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant
,” J. Environ. Radioact.
, 165
, pp. 60
–67
.45.
Wada
, T.
, Fujita
, T.
, Nemoto
, Y.
, Shimamura
, S.
, Mizuno
, T.
, Sohtome
, T.
, Kamiyama
, K.
, Narita
, K.
, Watanabe
, M.
, Hatta
, N.
, Ogata
, Y.
, Morita
, T.
, and Igarashi
, S.
, 2016
, “Effects of the Nuclear Disaster on Marine Products in Fukushima: An Update After Five Years
,” J. Environ. Radioact.
, 164
, pp. 312
–324
.46.
De Rosa
, C. T.
, Fay
, M.
, Keith
, L. S.
, Mumtaz
, M. M.
, Pohl
, H. R.
, Hatcher
, M. T.
, Hicks
, H. E.
, Holler
, J.
, Ruiz
, P.
, and Johnson
, B. L.
, 2017
, “Hazardous Wastes A2—Quah, Stella R
,” International Encyclopedia of Public Health
, 2nd ed., Academic Press
, Oxford, UK
, pp. 358
–370
.47.
Twort
, A. C.
, Ratnayaka
, D. D.
, and Brandt
, M. J.
, 2017
, “Chapter 5—Dams and Reservoirs
,” Twort's Water Supply
, 7th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann
, Boston, MA
, pp. 159
–204
.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
