Abstract
This paper describes an architecture, which can be used to build remote laboratories to interact remotely via Internet with mobile robots using different interaction devices. A supervisory control strategy has been used to develop the remote laboratory in order to alleviate high communication data rates and system sensitivity to network delays. The users interact with the remote system at a more abstract level using high level commands. The local robot's autonomy has been increased by encapsulating all the robot's behaviors in different types of skills. User interfaces have been designed using visual proxy pattern to facilitate any future extension or code reuse. The developed remote laboratory has been integrated into an educational environment in the field of indoor mobile robotics. This environment is currently being used as a part of an international project to develop a distributed laboratory for autonomous and teleoperated systems (IECAT, 2003).
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Alami, R., Chatila, R., Fleury, S., Ghallab, M., and Ingrand, F. 1998. An architecture for autonomy. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 17(4):315–337.
Ando, N., Lee, J., and Hashimoto, H. 1999. A study on influence of time delay in teleoperation. In Proceeding of the 1999 IEEE/ASME Internacional Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Atlanta, USA, pp. 317–322.
Archive of Online and Internet Robots. 2003. Available in: http://ford.ieor.berkeley.edu/ir/
Bapna, D., Rollins, E., Foessel, A., and Whittaker, R. 1998. Antenna pointing for high bandwidth communications from mobile robots. In Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, ICRA98, pp. 65–70, Leuven, Belgium, vol. 4, pp. 3468û3473.
Barber, R. and Salichs, M.A. 2001. A new human based architecture for intelligent autonomous robots. In The Fourth IFAC Symposium on Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 85–90.
Boada, M. 2002. Control system for autonomous mobile robots based on reactive skills. Ph.D. Thesis (In Spanish), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Boada, M., Barber, R., and Salichs, M. 2002. Visual approach skill for a mobile robot using learning and fusion of simple skills. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 38:157–170.
Bourne, J. et al. 1996. A model for on-line learning networks in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 85(3):253–262.
Brady, K. and Tarn, T. 1998. Internet-based remote teleoperation. In Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, ICRA98, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 65–70.
Brugali, D. and Fayad, M. 2002. Distributed computing in robotics and automation. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 18(4):409–420.
Cottrell, L., Matthews, W., and Logg, C. 2003. Tutorial on Internet Monitoring & PingER at SLAC. Available in: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/comp/net/wan-mon/tutorial.html#jitter
Fung, W., Xi, N., Lo, W., and Liu, Y. 2002. Improving efficiency of internet-based teleoperation using network QoS. In Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, ICRA02, Washington, DC, pp. 2707–2712.
Gillet, D. and Salzman, C. 2002. Real-time interaction over the Internet. In Proceedings, the 15th IFAC World Congress on Automatic Control (b'02), Barcelona, Spain.
Han, K., Kim, S., Kin, Y., and Kim, J. 2001. Internet control architecture for Internet-based personal robot. Journal of Autonomous Robots, 10:135–147.
Hireche, S. 2002. Control of teleoperation systems in QoS communication networks. Thesis, Technische Universitat Berlin.
Houlb, A. 1999. Building User Interfaces for Object-Oriented Systems. JavaWorld. Available in: http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-07-1999/jw-07-toolbox.html
IECAT (Innovative Educational Concepts for Autonomous and Teleoperated System) Web Page. 2003. Available in: http://www.ars.fh-weingarten.de/iecat/index.html
IPMA, Internet Performance and Measurement Analysis Project. 2003. Available in: http://nic.merit.edu/ipma/
IPPM, Internet Protocol Performance Metrics. 2003. Available in: http://www.advanced.org/ippm.html
ITR, Internet Traffic Report. 2003. Available in: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/
IWR, Internet Weather Report. 2003. Available in: http://www.mids.org/weather
Juric, M., Rozman, I., and Hericko, M. 2000. Performance comparison of CORBA and RMI. Information and Software Technology, 42:915–933.
Khamis, A., Pérez Vernet, M., and Schilling, K. 2002. A remote experiment on motor control of mobile robots. In the 10th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2002, Lisbon, Portugal.
Khamis, A., Rivero, D.M., Rodriguez, F., and Salichs, M. 2003. Pattern-based architecture for building mobile robotics remote laboratories. In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA'03), Taiwan.
Kurose, J. and Ross, K. 2001. Computer Networking. Addison-Wesley.
McGovern, D. 1990. Experiences and results in teleoperation of land vehicles. Report SAND87-0646, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, PA.
netperf Web Page. 2003. Available in: http://www.netperf.org/netperf/NetperfPage.html
Papert, S. and Harel, I. 1991. Constructionism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
pingER Web Page. 2003. Available in: http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger/
Rivero, D.M., Khamis, A., Rodriguez, F.J., and Salichs, M.A. 2002. A patterns-oriented framework for the development of automatic and deliberative skills for mobile robots. In The 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics, ICAR03, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
Rogers, E. and Murphy, R. 2001, Human-robot interaction. Final Report for DARPA/NSF Study on Human-Robot Interaction. Available in: http://www.csc.calpoly.edu/~erogers/HRI/HRI-report-final.html.
Rohbert, H., Sommerlad, P., and Stal, M. 1996. Pattern Oriented Software Architecture: A System of Patterns. John Wiley & Sons.
Sayers, C. 1999. Remote Control Robotics, 1st ed. Springer Verlag.
Schaaf, M. and Maurer, F. 2001. Integrating Java and CORBA: A programmer's perspective. IEEE Internet Computing, 5:72–78.
Sheridan, T. 1992. Telerobotics, Automation, and Human Supervisory Control. Cambridge, USA: MIT Press.
ttcpWeb Page. 2003. Available in. http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ttcp.html
Whatis Web Page. 2003. Available in: http://whatis.techtarget.com/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khamis, A.M., Rodríguez, F.J. & Salichs, M.A. Remote Interaction with Mobile Robots. Autonomous Robots 15, 267–281 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026268504593
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026268504593