Development of water turbidity index (WTI) and seasonal characteristics of total suspended matter (TSM) spatial distribution in Ichkeul Lake, a shallow brackish wetland, Northern-East Tunisia | Environmental Earth Sciences Skip to main content
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Development of water turbidity index (WTI) and seasonal characteristics of total suspended matter (TSM) spatial distribution in Ichkeul Lake, a shallow brackish wetland, Northern-East Tunisia

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Abstract

The decrease of fresh water supply from connected rivers induces the reverse of gravity flow from Bizert Lagoon which increases the salinity and the total suspended matter (TSM). Therefore, multi-date MODIS images were analyzed by GIS to calculate and identify the spatial distribution of WTI, TSM indicator. Then, the relationship between wind conditions and TSM’s resuspension in Ichkeul Lake was clarified. After that, the cluster analysis and the temporal fluctuation of daily wind speed; rainfall, and the Potamogeton pectinatus phenology were used to interpret the seasonal distribution of the turbid water. Consequently, the linear correlation between WTI and observed data was found (R2 = 0.66; r = 0.809) and proved by ANOVA test, where P = 0.00143 (< α = 0.05). Besides, the prevailing effects of winds on turbidity were detected, where the daily mean value of WTI was positively correlated with daily wind speed with r = 0.63 and r = 0.65, respectively, for P1 and P2. Thus, the turbidity increases with the increase of wind velocity. Subsequently, wind speed threshold was chosen to be 2.8 m/s. Moreover, the frequent wind with velocity varied between 5 and 7 m/s and may exceed the 9 m/s blew from the WNW direction. Added to this, the seasonal distribution of WTI revealed that the most and moderate turbid days were detected frequently in summer season. Following the prevailing wind direction, the TSM was distributed from the center of the SSE part of Ichkeul Lake.

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Acknowledgements

This work was carried out within the Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA) framework between the National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, INAT, Tunisia and Tsukuba University, Japan (JASSO: Japan Student Services Organization, exchange student program, 11 months) and the cooperation with ANPE (National Agency for Environment Protection).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Carthage, Institut National Agronomique de Tunis (INAT), Laboratoire de Recherche, Sciences et Technologies des Eaux (LRSTE), 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082, Cité Mahrajène, Tunis, Tunisia

    Hajer Ouni, Nejla Hariga-Tlatli & Jamila Tarhouni

  2. Environmental and Ecological Hydraulics, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences/Doctoral Program in Sustainable Environmental Studies and ARENA (Alliance for Research on North Africa), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Atsushi Kawachi

  3. Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 kibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan

    Mitsuteru Irie

  4. Agence Nationale de Protection de l’Environement (ANPE), 15, Avenue 7051 cité Essalem, 1080 Centre Urbain Nord, Tunis, Tunisia

    Nabiha Ben M’Barek

  5. Université de Tunis El-Manar, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Laboratoire de Modélisation Mathématique et Numérique dans les Sciences de l’Ingénieur (LAMSIN), 37, Avenue Bechir Salem Belkhiria, Compus Universitaire, Le Bélvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia

    Nejla Hariga-Tlatli

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  1. Hajer Ouni
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Correspondence to Hajer Ouni.

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This article is a part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on Climate Effects on Water Resources, edited by Drs. Zongzhi Wang and Yanqing Lian.

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Ouni, H., Kawachi, A., Irie, M. et al. Development of water turbidity index (WTI) and seasonal characteristics of total suspended matter (TSM) spatial distribution in Ichkeul Lake, a shallow brackish wetland, Northern-East Tunisia. Environ Earth Sci 78, 228 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8126-2

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