Abstract
This paper proposes that Pullikolam influenced medical image watermarking on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This watermarking scheme undergoes three successive operations: Look Up Table (LUT) formation for Pullikolam, Pixel localisation and Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. Additionally, this data hiding strategy employs on-chip embedded memory to store the data. This proposed architecture has been designed using Verilog HDL and implemented on Altera Cyclone IV E EP4CE115F29C7 FPGA. This watermarking scheme is consumed 3269 Logic Elements (LEs) which is 3% of the available LEs. Also, it requires only 5.24 mS to perform watermarking on 256 × 256 medical images. This work has achieved an average Mean Square Error (MSE) of < 5, and Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) is close to an ideal which is evidence of the robustness of the algorithm. Further, near-zero perceptual transparency has been attained through the Structural Similarity Index Matrix (SSIM) and histogram analyses that confirm the strength of the scheme.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi, for the FIST funding (SR/FST/ET-I/2018/221(C). Furthermore, the authors sincerely thank Dr R. Sundararaman (Former Senior Assistant Professor, School of EEE, SASTRA Deemed University) for his valuable suggestions and support. The authors also wish to thank the Intrusion Detection Lab at the School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, for providing infrastructural support to carry out this research work.
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Sivaraman, R., Padmaa, M., Sridevi, A. et al. Pullikolam assisted medical image watermarking on reconfigurable hardware. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 21193–21203 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14725-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14725-2