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Linked Data and multimedia: the state of affairs

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Abstract

Linked Data is a way of exposing and sharing data as resources on the Web and interlinking them with semantically related resources. In the last three years significant amounts of data have been generated, increasingly forming a globally connected, distributed data space. For multimedia content, metadata are a key factor for efficient management, organization, and retrieval. However, the relationship between multimedia and Linked Data has been rarely studied, leading to a lack of mutual awareness and, as a consequence thereof, technological deficiencies. This article introduces the basic concepts of Linked Data in the context of multimedia metadata, and discusses techniques to generate, expose, discover, and consume Linked Data. It shows that a large amount of data sources exist, which are ready to be exploited by multimedia applications. The benefit of Linked Data in two multimedia-related applications is discussed and open research issues are outlined with the goal of bringing the research fields of multimedia and Linked Data closer together in order to facilitate mutual benefit.

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Notes

  1. Wikipedia: http://www.wikipedia.org

  2. WordNet: http://wordnet.princeton.edu

  3. Internet Movie Data Base: http://www.imdb.com

  4. The RDF standard also contains the concept of blank nodes, i.e., resources that are not assigned a URI. However, since these resources cannot be dereferenced using HTTP they are less relevant in the context of Linked Data.

  5. Notation3 (http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Notation3.html) is not a “real” serialization format because it encodes only a superset of the RDF data model.

  6. N-Triples: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/ntriples/

  7. Pubby: http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/pubby/

  8. Paget: http://code.google.com/p/paget/

  9. Talis Platform: http://www.talis.com/platform/

  10. In this case it is not required to materialize the complete source dataset into RDF because parts of it can be transformed upon request.

  11. Lists are maintained at http://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToRdf and http://simile.mit.edu/wiki/RDFizers.

  12. Aperture: http://aperture.sourceforge.net/

  13. Listed at http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/mmsem/wiki/Tools_and_Resources.

  14. Cf. http://esw.w3.org/topic/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/DataSets/Statistics

  15. Video Vocabulary: http://digitalbazaar.com/media/video

  16. W3C Exif Vocabulary: http://www.w3.org/2003/12/exif/

  17. We use Turtle syntax [9] for representing RDF examples.

  18. DBpedia Lookup: http://lookup.dbpedia.org/

  19. Faceted Wikipedia Search: http://dbpedia.neofonie.de/browse/

  20. Henry: http://dbtune.org/henry/

  21. W3C WGS84 vocabulary: http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/

  22. FOAF: http://www.foaf-project.org

  23. Open Link LOD Cloud Cache: http://lod.openlinksw.com/sparql

  24. RKBExplorer: http://void.rkbexplorer.com/sparql/

  25. OpenLink Data Explorer: http://ode.openlinksw.com/

  26. ZitGist DataViewer: http://dataviewer.zitgist.com/

  27. Marbles: http://www5.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/marbles/

  28. RDFLib: http://www.rdflib.net

  29. SemWeb: http://razor.occams.info/code/semweb/

  30. List of SPARQL implementations: http://esw.w3.org/SparqlImplementations

  31. Annozilla: http://annozilla.mozdev.org

  32. W3C Media Fragments Group: http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Fragments/

  33. W3C Media Annotations Group: http://www.w3.org/2008/WebVideo/Annotations/

  34. NEPOMUK Project: http://nepomuk.semanticdesktop.org

  35. Nepomuk-KDE: http://nepomuk.kde.org

  36. OSCAF Ontologies: http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/oscaf/wiki/Ontologies

  37. Gwenview: http://gwenview.sourceforge.net

  38. Bangarang: http://bangarangkde.wordpress.com

  39. An initial draft of the OAC model is available at http://www.openannotation.org/documents/OAC-Model_UseCases-alpha.pdf.

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Acknowledgements

Parts of this work have been funded by FIT-IT grant 815133 from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation, and Technology, and the EU eContentPlus project EuropeanaConnect.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Distributed and Multimedia Systems, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 4/3-4, 1010, Wien, Austria

    Bernhard Schandl & Bernhard Haslhofer

  2. Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Jakob Haringer-Straße 5/3, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

    Tobias Bürger

  3. Institute for Application-Oriented Knowledge Processing, Johann Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria

    Andreas Langegger

  4. DIGITAL—Institute for Information and Communication Technologies, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Wolfgang Halb

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Correspondence to Bernhard Schandl.

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Schandl, B., Haslhofer, B., Bürger, T. et al. Linked Data and multimedia: the state of affairs. Multimed Tools Appl 59, 523–556 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0762-9

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