Developing serious games for cultural heritage: a state-of-the-art review | Virtual Reality
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Developing serious games for cultural heritage: a state-of-the-art review

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Virtual Reality Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although the widespread use of gaming for leisure purposes has been well documented, the use of games to support cultural heritage purposes, such as historical teaching and learning, or for enhancing museum visits, has been less well considered. The state-of-the-art in serious game technology is identical to that of the state-of-the-art in entertainment games technology. As a result, the field of serious heritage games concerns itself with recent advances in computer games, real-time computer graphics, virtual and augmented reality and artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the main strengths of serious gaming applications may be generalised as being in the areas of communication, visual expression of information, collaboration mechanisms, interactivity and entertainment. In this report, we will focus on the state-of-the-art with respect to the theories, methods and technologies used in serious heritage games. We provide an overview of existing literature of relevance to the domain, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the described methods and point out unsolved problems and challenges. In addition, several case studies illustrating the application of methods and technologies used in cultural heritage are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Akenine-Möller T, Haines E, Hoffman N (2008) Real-time rendering 3rd edn. A. K. Peters, Natick

  • Anderson EF (2003) Playing smart–artificial intelligence in computer games. In: Proceedings of zfxCON03 conference on game development

  • Anderson EF (2008) Scripted smarts in an intelligent virtual environment: behaviour definition using a simple entity annotation language. In: Future Play ’08: Proceedings of the 2008 conference on future play, pp 185–188

  • Anderson EF, McLoughlin L (2007) Critters in the classroom: a 3d computer-game-like tool for teaching programming to computer animation students. In: SIGGRAPH ’07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 educators program, p 7

  • Anderson EF, Engel S, McLoughlin L, Comninos P (2008) The case for research in game engine architecture. In: Future Play ’08: Proceedings of the 2008 conference on future play, pp 228–231

  • Apperley TH (2006) Virtual unaustralia: Videogames and australia’s colonial history. In: UNAUSTRALIA 2006: Proceedings of the cultural studies association of Australasia’s annual conference

  • Arnold D, Day A, Glauert J, Haegler S, Jennings V, Kevelham B, Laycock R, Magnenat-Thalmann N, Mam J, Maupu D, Papagiannakis G, Thalmann D, Yersin B, Rodriguez-Echavarria K (2008) Tools for populating cultural heritage environments with interactive virtual humans. In: Open digital cultural heritage systems, EPOCH final event Rome

  • Azuma R (1997) A survey of augmented reality. Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments 6(4):355–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma R, Baillot Y, Behringer R, Feiner S, Julier S, MacIntyre B (2001) Recent advances in augmented reality. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 21(6):34–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bavoil L (2008) Advanced soft shadow mapping techniques. Presentation at the game developers conference 2008

  • Bavoil L, Sainz M (2008) Screen space ambient occlusion. NVIDIA developer information: http://developers.nvidia.com

  • Bederson BB (1995) Audio augmented reality: a prototype automated tour guide. In: CHI ’95: Conference companion on human factors in computing systems, pp 210–211

  • Benthin C, Wald I, Scherbaum M, Friedrich H (2006) Ray tracing on the cell processor, pp 15–23

  • Bimber O, Frhlich B, Schmalstieg D, Encarnao LM (2001) The virtual showcase. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 21(6):48–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorke K (2004) Color controls. In: Fernando R (ed) GPU gems, Pearson Education, pp 363–373

  • Blinn JF (1978) Simulation of wrinkled surfaces. SIGGRAPH Comput Graph 12(3):286–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn JF, Newell ME (1976) Texture and reflection in computer generated images. Commun ACM 19(10):542–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blow J (2004) Game development harder than you think. ACM Queue 1(10):28–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blythe D (2006) The direct3d 10 system. ACM Trans Graph 25(3):724–734

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Brogni B, Avizzano C, Evangelista C, Bergamasco M (1999) Technological approach for cultural heritage: augmented reality. In: RO-MAN ’99: Proceedings of the 8th IEEE international workshop on robot and human interaction, pp 206–212

  • Burkersroda R (2005) Colour grading. In: Engel W (eds) Shader X3: advanced rendering with DirectX and OpenGL. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 357–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Buro M (2004) Call for ai research in rts games. In: Proceedings of the AAAI-04 workshop on challenges in game AI, pp 139–142

  • Burton J (2005) News-game journalism: history, current use and possible futures. Aust J Emerg Technol Soc 3(2):87–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Calori L, Camporesi C, Forte M, Guidazzoli A, Pescarin S (2005) Openheritage: integrated approach to web 3d publication of virtual landscape. In: Proceedings of the ISPRS working group V/4 workshop 3D-ARCH 2005: virtual reconstruction and visualization of complex architectures

  • Cass S (2002) Mind games. IEEE Spectrum 39(12):40–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo E, Perez-Cazorla F, Pueyo X, Seron F, Sillion F (2005) A survey on participating media rendering techniques. The Visual Comput 21(5):303–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers A, Debattista K (2009) Level of realism for serious games. In: VS-Games 2009: Proceedings of the IEEE virtual worlds for serious applications first international conference, pp 225–232

  • Ciechomski PDH, Ulicny B, Cetre R, Thalmann D (2004) A case study of a virtual audience in a reconstruction of an ancient roman odeon in aphrodisias. In: The 5th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and cultural heritage, VAST (2004)

  • Combs N, Ardoint J (2004) Declarative versus imperative paradigms in Games AI. Available from: http://www.red3d.com/cwr/games/

  • Coombe G, Harris M (2005) Global illumination using progressive refinement radiosity. In: Pharr M (ed) GPU gems 2, Pearson Education, pp 635–647

  • Coradeschi S, Saffiotti A (1999) Symbolic object descriptions to sensor data. Problem statement. Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science 4(9)

  • Cornwell J, O’Brien K, Silverman B, Toth J (2003) Affordance theory for improving the rapid generation, composability, and reusability of synthetic agents and objects. In: BRIMS 2003: Proceedings of the twelfth conference on behavior representations in modeling and simulation

  • Cosmas J, Itegaki T, Green D, Grabczewski E, Weimer F, Van Gool L, Zalesny A, Vanrintel D, Leberl F, Grabner M, Schindler K, Karner K, Gervautz M, Hynst S, Waelkens M, Pollefeys M, DeGeest R, Sablatnig R, Kampel M (2001) 3d murale: a multimedia system for archaeology. In: VAST ’01: Proceedings of the 2001 conference on virtual reality, archeology, and cultural heritage, pp 297–306

  • Crassin C, Neyret F, Lefebvre S, Eisemann E (2009) Gigavoxels: ray-guided streaming for efficient and detailed voxel rendering. In: I3D ’09: Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 15–22

  • Cruz-Neira C, Sandin DJ, DeFanti TA, Kenyon RV, Hart JC (1992) The cave: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment. Commun ACM 35(6):64–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darken CJ (2007) Level Annotation and Test by Autonomous Exploration. In: AIIDE 2007: Proceedings of the third artificial intelligence and interactive digital entertainment conference

  • Debevec P (2005) Making “The Parthenon”. 6th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology, and cultural heritage

  • Debevec P, Tchou C, Gardner A, Hawkins T, Poullis C, Stumpfel J, Jones A, Yun N, Einarsson P, Lundgren T, Fajardo M, Martinez P (2004) Estimating surface reflectance properties of a complex scene under captured natural illumination. Tech. rep., University of Southern California, Institute for Creative Technologies

  • Dechter R, Pearl J (1985) Generalised best-first search strategies and the optimality of A*. J ACM 32(3):505–536

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon VJ (1999) Vrnd: notre-dame cathedral: a globally accessible multi-user real time virtual reconstruction. In: Proceedings of virtual systems and multimedia

  • Dijkstra EW (1959) A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1:269–271

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle P (1999) Virtual intelligence from artificial reality: building stupid agents in smart environments. In: AAAI ’99 spring symposium on artificial intelligence and computer games

  • Doyle P (2002) Believability through context. In: AAMAS ’02: Proceedings of the first international joint conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, pp 342–349

  • Doyle P, Hayes-Roth B (1998) Agents in annotated worlds. In: AGENTS ’98: Proceedings of the second international conference on autonomous agents, pp 173–180

  • Dutr P, Bekaert P, Bala K (2003) Advanced global illumination. A. K. Peters, Natick

    Google Scholar 

  • Dybsand E (2004) Goal-directed behaviour using composite tasks. In: AI game programming wisdom 2, Charles River Media, pp 237–245

  • El-Hakim S, MacDonald G, Lapointe JF, Gonzo L, Jemtrud M (2006) On the digital reconstruction and interactive presentation of heritage sites through time. In: International symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and intelligent cultural heritage, pp 243–250

  • Engel K, Hadwiger M, Kniss JM, Rezk-Salama C, Weiskopf D (2006) Real-time volume graphics. A. K. Peters, Wellesley

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel W, Hoxley J, Kornmann R, Suni N, Zink J (2008) Programming vertex, geometry, and pixel shaders. Online book available at: http://wiki.gamedev.net/

  • Ennis C, McDonnell R, O’Sullivan C (2010a) Seeing is believing: body motion dominates in multisensory conversations. ACM Trans Graph 29(4):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennis C, Peters C, O’Sullivan C (2010b) Perceptual effects of scene context and viewpoint for virtual pedestrian crowds. ACM Trans Appl Percept (in press)

  • Evans R (2001) AI in computer games: the use of AI techniques in Black & White. Seminar notes, available from: http://www.dcs.qmul.ac.uk/research/logic/seminars/abstract/EvansR01.html

  • Everitt C (2001) Interactive order-independent transparency. NVIDIA Whitepaper

  • Farenc N, Boulic R, Thalmann D (1999) An informed environment dedicated to the simulation of virtual humans in urban context. Comput Graph Forum 18(3):309–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiner S (2002) Augmented reality: a new way of seeing. Sci Am 286(4):48–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feis A (2007) Postprocessing effects in design. In: Engel W (ed) Shader X5: advanced rendering techniques. Charles River Media, pp 463–470

  • Fernando R, Kilgard MJ (2003) The Cg tutorial. Addison Wesley

  • Filion D, McNaughton R (2008) Effects & techniques. In: SIGGRAPH ’08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes, pp 133–164

  • Forbus KD, Wright W (2001) Some notes on programming objects in The SimsTM. Class notes, available from: http://qrg.northwestern.edu/papers/papers.html

  • Forsyth DA, Ponce J (2002) Computer vision: a modern approach. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis R (2006) Revolution: learning about history through situated role play in a virtual environment. In: Proceedings of the American educational research association conference

  • de Freitas S, Oliver M (2006) How can exploratory learning with games and simulations within the curriculum be most effectively evaluated?. Comput Educ 46:249–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frischer B (2008) The rome reborn project. How technology is helping us to study history. OpEd, November 10, University of Virginia

  • Fritsch D, Kada M (2004) Visualisation using game engines. ISPRS commission 5, pp 621–625

  • Fu D, Houlette R (2004) The ultimate guide to FSMs in games. In: AI game programming Wisdom 2. Charles River Media, pp 283–302

  • Gaitatzes A, Christopoulos D, Papaioannou G (2004) The ancient olympic games: being part of the experience. In: VAST 2004: The 5th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and cultural heritage, pp 19–28

  • Gardner R (2009) Empire total war–graphics work shop. Available from (the official) Total War blog: http://blogs.sega.com/totalwar/2009/03/05/empire-total-war-graphics-work-shop/

  • Gatermann H (2000) From vrml to augmented reality via panorama-integration and eai-java. In: SIGraDi’2000–Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space), pp 254–256

  • Gillham D (2007) Real-time depth-of-field implemented with a postprocessing-only technique. In: Engel W (ed) Shader X5: advanced rendering techniques. Charles River Media, pp 163–175

  • Godbersen H (2008) Virtual environments for anyone. IEEE Multimedia 15(3):90–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadwiger M, Kratz A, Sigg C, Bühler K (2006) Gpu-accelerated deep shadow maps for direct volume rendering. In: GH ’06: Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS symposium on graphics hardware, pp 49–52

  • Hagelbäck J, Johansson SJ (2008) The rise of potential fields in real time strategy bots. In: AIIDE 08: Proceedings of the fourth artificial intelligence and interactive digital entertainment conference, pp 42–47

  • Hall T, Ciolfi L, Bannon L, Fraser M, Benford S, Bowers J, Greenhalgh C, Hellström SO, Izadi S, Schnädelbach H, Flintham M (2001) The visitor as virtual archaeologist: explorations in mixed reality technology to enhance educational and social interaction in the museum. In: VAST ’01: Proceedings of the 2001 conference on virtual reality, archeology, and cultural heritage, pp 91–96

  • Hasenfratz JM, Lapierre M, Holzschuch N, Sillion F (2003) A survey of real-time soft shadows algorithms

  • Helbing D, Molnar P (1995) Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys Rev E 51(5):4282–4286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoberock J, Jia Y (2008) High-quality ambient occlusion. In: Nguyen H (ed) GPU gems 3. Pearson Education, pp 257–274

  • Hoffman N (2006) Physically based reflectance for games

  • Horn DR, Sugerman J, Houston M, Hanrahan P (2007) Interactive k-d tree gpu raytracing. In: I3D ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 167–174

  • Hostetler TR (2002) Controlling steering behavior for small groups of pedestrians in virtual urban environments. PhD thesis, The University of Iowa

  • Humphreys G, Houston M, Ng R, Frank R, Ahern S, Kirchner PD, Klosowski JT (2002) Chromium: a stream-processing framework for interactive rendering on clusters. ACM Trans Graph 21(3):693–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isidoro JR, Sander PV (2006) Animated skybox rendering and lighting techniques. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 courses, pp 19–22

  • Jacobson J, Holden L (2005) The Virtual Egyptian Temple. In: ED-MEDIA: Proccedings of the world conference on educational media. Hypermedia & Telecommunications

  • Jacobson J, Lewis M (2005) Game engine virtual reality with CaveUT. IEEE Comput 38(4):79–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson J, Handron K, Holden L (2009) Narrative and content combine in a learning game for virtual heritage. In: Computer applications to archaeology 2009

  • James G, O’Rorke J (2004) Real-time glow. In: Fernando R (ed) GPU gems. Pearson Education, pp 343–362

  • Jones C (2005) Who are you? theorising from the experience of working through an avatar. E-Learning 2(4):414–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones G, Christal M (2002) The future of virtual museums: On-line, immersive, 3d environments. Created realities group

  • Kaneko T, Takahei T, Inami M, Kawakami N, Yanagida Y, Maeda T, Tachi S (2001) Detailed shape representation with parallax mapping. In: Proceedings of ICAT 2001, pp 205–208

  • Kawase M (2003) Frame buffer postprocessing effects in double-s.t.e.a.l (wreakless). Presentation at the game developers conference 2003

  • Kawase M (2004) Practical implementation of high dynamic range rendering. Presentation at the game developers conference 2004

  • Kider JT, Fletcher RL, Yu N, Holod R, Chalmers A, Badler NI (2009) Recreating early islamic glass lamp lighting. In: VAST09: The 10th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and intelligent cultural heritage, pp 33–40

  • Kim J, Jaja J (2009) Streaming model based volume ray casting implementation for cell broadband engine. Sci Program 17(1–2):173–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirriemuir J (2008) Measuring the impact of second life for educational purposes. Eduserv foundation, Available from: http://www.eduserv.org.uk/foundation/sl/uksnapshot052008

  • Koonce R (2008) Deferred shading in Tabula Rasa. In: Nguyen H (ed) GPU Gems 3. Pearson Education, pp 429–457

  • Krüger J, Bürger K, Westermann R (2006) Interactive screen-space accurate photon tracing on GPUs. In: Rendering Techniques (Eurographics symposium on rendering–EGSR), pp 319–329

  • Lamarche F, Donikian S (2004) Crowd of virtual humans: a new approach for real time navigation in complex and structured environments. Comput Graph Forum 23(3):509–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leavy B, Wyeld T, Hills J, Barker C, Gard S (2007) The ethics of indigenous storytelling: using the torque game engine to support australian aboriginal cultural heritage. In: Proceedings of the DiGRA 2007 conference, pp 24–28

  • Lee KH, Choi MG, Lee J (2006) Motion patches: building blocks for virtual environments annotated with motion data. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, pp 898–906

  • Lee KH, Choi MG, Hong Q, Lee J (2007) Group behavior from video: a data-driven approach to crowd simulation. In: SCA ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on computer animation, pp 109–118

  • Lepouras G, Vassilakis C (2004) Virtual museums for all: employing game technology for edutainment. Virtual Real 8(2):96–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner A, Chrysanthou Y, Dani L (2007) Crowds by example. Comput Graph Forum 26(3):655–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis M, Jacobson J (2002) Game engines in scientific research. Commun ACM 45(1):27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Liarokapis F (2007) An augmented reality interface for visualising and interacting with virtual content. Virtual Real 11(1):23–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liarokapis F, Sylaiou S, Mountain D (2008) Personalizing virtual and augmented reality for cultural heritage indoor and outdoor experiences. In: VAST08: the 9th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and intelligent cultural heritage, pp 55–62

  • Linaza MT, Cobos Y, Mentxaka J, Campos MK, Penalba M (2007) Interactive augmented experiences for cultural historical events. In: VAST07: the 8th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and intelligent cultural heritage, pp 23–30

  • Lintermann B, Deussen O (1999) Interactive modeling of plants. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 19(1):56–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston MA (2005) Evaluating human factors in augmented reality systems. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 25(6):6–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone D, Charles D (2004) Intelligent interfaces for digital games. In: Proceedings of the AAAI-04 workshop on challenges in game AI, pp 6–10

  • Lokovic T, Veach E (2000) Deep shadow maps. In: SIGGRAPH ’00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp 385–392

  • Looser J, Grasset R, Seichter H, Billinghurst M (2006) Osgart–a pragmatic approach to mr. In: ISMAR 06: 5th IEEE and ACM international symposium on mixed and augmented reality

  • Lugrin J, Cavazza M (2010) Towards ar game engines. In: SEARIS 2010–3rd workshop on software engineering and architecture of realtime interactive systems

  • Macagon V, Wünsche B (2003) Efficient collision detection for skeletally animated models in interactive environments. In: Proceedings of IVCNZ ’03, pp 378–383

  • Macedonia M (2000) Using technology and innovation to simulate daily life. IEEE Comput 33(4):110–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Macedonia M (2002) Games soldiers play. IEEE Spectrum 39(3):32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maim J, Haegler S, Yersin B, Mueller P, Thalmann D, Van Gool L (2007) Populating ancient pompeii with crowds of virtual romans. In: VAST07: the 8th international symposium on virtual reality, archaeology and intelligent cultural heritage, pp 109–116

  • Malone TW, Lepper MR (1987) Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In: Snow RE, Farr MJ (eds) aptitude, learning and instruction: III. Conative and affective process analyses, Erlbaum, pp 223–253

  • Mase K, Kadobayashi R, Nakatsu R (1996) Meta-museum: a supportive augmented-reality environment for knowledge sharing. In: ATR workshop on social agents: humans and machines, pp 107–110

  • Mateevitsi V, Sfakianos M, Lepouras G, Vassilakis C (2008) A game-engine based virtual museum authoring and presentation system. In: DIMEA ’08: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on digital interactive media in entertainment and arts, pp 451–457

  • Matthews J (2002) Basic A* pathfinding made simple. In: AI game programming wisdom, Charles River Media, pp 105–113

  • McCarthy J (2007) What is Artificial Intelligence. Available from: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html

  • McDonnell R, Newell F, O’Sullivan C (2007) Smooth movers: perceptually guided human motion simulation. In: SCA ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on computer animation, pp 259–269

  • McDonnell R, Ennis C, Dobbyn S, O’Sullivan C (2009a) Talking bodies: Sensitivity to desynchronization of conversations. ACM Trans Appl Percept 6(4):21

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell R, Larkin M, Hernández B, Rudomin I, O’Sullivan C (2009b) Eye-catching crowds: saliency based selective variation. ACM Trans Graph 28(3):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire TJ (2006) The Philadelphia Campaign: volume one: Brandywine and the fall of Philadelphia. Stackpole Books, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • McTaggart G, Green C, Mitchell J (2006) High dynamic range rendering in valve’s source engine. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, p 7

  • Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst E77-D(12):1321–1329

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J, McTaggart G, Green C (2006) Shading in valve’s source engine. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, pp 129–142

  • Mittring M (2007) Finding next gen: Cryengine 2. In: SIGGRAPH ’07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses, pp 97–121

  • Mittring M, Crytek GmbH (2008) Advanced virtual texture topics. In: SIGGRAPH ’08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes, pp 23–51

  • Müller P, Vereenooghe T, Ulmer A, Van Gool L (2005) Automatic reconstruction of roman housing architecture. In: Recording, modeling and visualization of cultural heritage, pp 287–298

  • Musse SR, Thalmann D (1997) A model of human crowd behavior: group inter-relationship and collision detection analysis. In: Computer animation and simulation ’97, pp 39–52

  • Nagy Z, Klein R (2003) Depth-peeling for texture-based volume rendering. In: PG ’03: Proceedings of the 11th Pacific conference on computer graphics and applications, p 429

  • Nareyek A (2004) Ai in computer games. ACM Queue 1(10):58–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nareyek A (2007) Game ai is dead. long live game ai!. IEEE Intell Syst 22(1):9–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nienhaus M, Döllner J (2003) Edge-enhancement–an algorithm for real-time non-photorealistic rendering. International Winter School of computer graphics. J WSCG 11(2):346–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Noghani J, Liarokapis F, Anderson EF (2010) Randomly generated 3d environments for serious games. In: VS-GAMES 2010: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on games and virtual worlds for serious applications, pp 3–10

  • Oliveira MM, Bishop G, McAllister D (2000) Relief texture mapping. In: SIGGRAPH ’00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp 359–368

  • OpenGL Architecture Review Board, Shreiner D, Woo M, Neider J, Davis T (2007) OpenGL programming guide, 6th edn. Addison-Wesley, New York

  • Orkin J (2002) 12 Tips from the trenches. In: AI game programming wisdom. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 29–35

  • Orkin J (2004a) Applying goal-oriented action planning to games. In: AI game programming wisdom 2. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 217–228

  • Orkin J (2004b) Symbolic representation of game world state: toward real-time planning in games. In: Proceedings of the AAAI-04 workshop on challenges in game AI, pp 26–30

  • Orkin J (2006) Three states and a plan: the A.I. of F.E.A.R. In: Proceedings of the 2006 game developers conference

  • Overmars M (2004) Teaching computer science through game design. IEEE Comput 37(4):81–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Papagiannakis G, Ponder M, Molet T, Kshirsagar S, Cordier F, Magnenat-Thalmann M, Thalmann D (2002) LIFEPLUS: revival of life in ancient Pompeii. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on virtual systems and multimedia (VSMM ’02)

  • Paquet E, El-Hakim S, Beraldin A, Peters S (2001) The virtual museum: virtualisation of real historical environments and artefacts and three-dimensional shape-based searching. In: VAA’01: Proceedings of the international symposium on virtual and augmented architecture, pp 182–193

  • Pelechano N, Allbeck JM, Badler NI (2007) Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation. In: SCA ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on computer animation, pp 99–108

  • Peters C, O’Sullivan C (2009) Metroped: A tool for supporting crowds of pedestrian ai’s in urban environments. In: Proceedings of the AISB 2009 convention: AI and games symposium, pp 64–69

  • Peters C, Dobbyn S, Mac Namee B, O’Sullivan C (2003) Smart Objects for Attentive Agents. In: Proceedings of the international conference in central Europe on computer graphics, Visualization and computer vision

  • Peters C, Ennis C, McDonnell R, O’Sullivan C (2008) Crowds in context: evaluating the perceptual plausibility of pedestrian orientations. In: Eurographics 2008–Short Papers, pp 33–36

  • Pletinckx D, Callebaut D, Killebrew AE, Silberman NA (2000) Virtual-reality heritage presentation at ename. IEEE MultiMedia 7(2):45–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plinius Caecilius Secundus G (79a) Epistulae vi.16. The Latin Library: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pliny.ep6.html

  • Plinius Caecilius Secundus G (79b) Epistulae vi.20. The Latin Library: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pliny.ep6.html

  • Purcell TJ, Buck I, Mark WR, Hanrahan P (2002) Ray tracing on programmable graphics hardware. ACM Trans Graph 21(3):703–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell TJ, Donner C, Cammarano M, Jensen HW, Hanrahan P (2003) Photon mapping on programmable graphics hardware. In: HWWS ’03: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on graphics hardware, pp 41–50

  • Reinhard E, Ward G, Pattanaik S, Debevec P (2006) High dynamic range imaging: acquisition, display and image-based lighting. Morgan Kaufmann

  • Reitsma PSA, Pollard NS (2003) Perceptual metrics for character animation: sensitivity to errors in ballistic motion. ACM Trans Graph 22(3):537–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rémond M, Mallard T (2003) Rei: an online video gaming platform. In: Proceedings of the 9th international Erlang/OTP User Conference

  • Renevier P, Nigay L, Bouchet J, Pasqualetti L (2004) Generic interaction techniques for mobile collaborative mixed systems. In: CADUI 2004: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on computer-aided design of user interfaces, pp 307–320

  • Ritschel T, Grosch T, Seidel HP (2009) Approximating dynamic global illumination in image space. In: I3D ’09: Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 75–82

  • Ropinski T, Kasten J, Hinrichs KH (2008) Efficient shadows for gpu-based volume raycasting. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference in central Europe on computer graphics, visualization and computer vision (WSCG 2008), pp 17–24

  • Rosado G (2008) Motion blur as a post-processing effect. In: Nguyen H (ed) GPU gems 3, Pearson Education, pp 575–581

  • Rost RJ (2006) OpenGL shading language. 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan N (2000) Back to reality: augmented reality from field survey to tourist guide. In: Virtual archaeology between Scientific Research and Territorial Marketing, proceedings of the VAST Euroconference

  • Ryder G, Flack P, Day A (2005) A framework for real-time virtual crowds in cultural heritage environments. In: M Mudge NR, R S (eds) Vast 2005, short papers prceedings, pp 108–113

  • Sanchez S, Balet O, Luga H, Duthen Y (2004) Vibes, bringing autonomy to virtual characters. In: Proceedings of the third IEEE international symposium and school on advance distributed systems, pp 19–30

  • Sander PV, Mitchell JL (2006) Out-of-core rendering of large meshes with progressive buffers. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006: Proceedings of the conference on SIGGRAPH 2006 course notes, pp 1–18

  • Sanwal R, Chakaveh S, Fostirpoulos K, Santo H (2000) Marvins–mobile augmented reality visual navigational system. Eur Res Consort Informatics Math (ERCIM News) 40:39–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer B (2002) Serious games: improving public policy through game-based learning and simulation. Whitepaper for the woodrow wilson international center for scholars

  • Scheuermann T, Hensley J (2007) Efficient histogram generation using scattering on gpus. In: I3D ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 33–37

  • Scott B (2002) The illusion of intelligence. In: AI game programming wisdom. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 16–20

  • Seetzen H, Heidrich W, Stuerzlinger W, Ward G, Whitehead L, Trentacoste M, Ghosh A, Vorozcovs A (2004) High dynamic range display systems. vol 23, pp 760–768

  • Shanmugam P, Arikan O (2007) Hardware accelerated ambient occlusion techniques on gpus. In: I3D ’07: Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 73–80

  • Shao W, Terzopoulos D (2005) Autonomous pedestrians. In: SCA ’05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, pp 19–28

  • Sherrod A (2006) High dynamic range rendering using opengl frame buffer objects. In: Game programming gems 6. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 529–536

  • Shirley P (2006) State of the art in interactive ray tracing. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 courses

  • Sinclair P, Martinez K (2001) Adaptive hypermedia in augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on adaptive hypertext and hypermedia systems, ACM hypertext 2001 conference

  • Smith S, Trenholme D (2008) Computer game engines for developing first-person virtual environments. Virtual Real 12(3):181–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa T (2005) Adaptive glare. In: Engel W (eds) Shader X3: advanced rendering with directX and openGL. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 349–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout B (2000) The basics of A* for path planning. In: Game programming gems, Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 254–263

  • Stricker D, Daehne P, Seibert F, Christou I, Almeida L, Carlucci R, Ioannidis N (2001) Design and development issues for ARCHEOGUIDE: an augmented reality based cultural heritage on-site guide. In: icav3d’01: Proceedings of the international conference on augmented, virtual environments and three-dimensional imaging, pp 1–5

  • Sutherland IE (1965) The Ultimate Display. In: Proceedings of the IFIP congress, vol 2. pp 506–508

  • Sylaiou S, Liarokapis F, Kotsakis K, Patias P (2009) Virtual museums, a survey on methods and tools. J Cult Herit 10(4):520–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura H, Yamamoto H, Katayama A (1999) Steps toward seamless mixed reality. In: Ohta Y, Tamura H (eds) Mixed reality: merging real and virtual worlds. Ohmsha Ltd/Springer, Tokyo, pp 59–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura H, Yamamoto H, Katayama A (2001) Mixed reality: future dreams seen at the border between real and virtual worlds. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 21(6):64–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatarchuk N, Isidoro J (2006) Artist-directable real-time rain rendering in city environments. In: Eurographics workshop on natural phenomena

  • Tchou C (2002) Image-based models: geometry and reflectance acquisition systems. Master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley

  • Tchou C, Stumpfel J, Einarsson P, Fajardo M, Debevec P (2004) unlighting the parthenon. In: SIGGRAPH ’04: ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches, p 80

  • Thomas G, Donikian S (2000) Virtual humans animation in informed urban environments. In: Computer animation 2000, pp 112–119

  • Troche J, Jacobson J (2010) An exemplar of ptolemaic egyptian temples. In: CAA 2010 the 38th conference on computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology

  • Ulicny B, Thalmann D (2002) Crowd simulation for virtual heritage. In: Proceedings of first international workshop on 3D virtual heritage, pp 28–32

  • Ulicny B, de Heras Ciechomski P, Thalmann D (2004) Crowdbrush: interactive authoring of real-time crowd scenes. In: SCA ’04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on computer animation, pp 243–252

  • Vanegas CA, Aliaga DG, Wonka P, Müller P, Waddell P, Watson B (2009) Modeling the appearance and behavior of urban spaces. In: Eurographics 2009–State of the Art Reports, pp 1–16

  • Vlahakis V, Ioannidis N, Karigiannis J, Tsotros M, Gounaris M, Stricker D, Gleue T, Daehne P, Almeida L (2002) Archeoguide: an augmented reality guide for archaeological sites. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 22(5):52–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis A (2007) Is modding useful?. In: Game carreer guide 2007, CMP Media, pp 25–28

  • Wand M, Straßer W (2003) Real-time caustics. In: Brunet P, Fellner D (eds) Comput Graph Forum, vol 22. p 3

  • Waring P (2007) Representation of ancient warfare in modern video games. Master’s thesis, School of Arts, Histories and Cultures, University of Manchester

  • Watt A, Policarpo F (2005) Advanced game development with programmable graphics hardware. A. K. Peters, Natick

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright T, Madey G (2008) A survey of collaborative virtual environment technologies. Tech Rep 2008–11, University of Notre Dame, USA

  • Wyman C (2007) Interactive refractions and caustics using image-space techniques. In: Engel W (eds) Shader X5: advanced rendering techniques. Charles River Media, Hingham, pp 359–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin P, Jiang X, Shi J, Zhou R (2006) Multi-screen tiled displayed, parallel rendering system for a large terrain dataset. IJVR 5(4):47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Yang J, McMillan L (2005) Real-time reflection mapping with parallax. In: I3D ’05: Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, pp 133–138

  • Zerbst S, Düvel O, Anderson E (2003) 3D-Spieleprogrammierung. Markt + Technik

  • Zhou T, Chen JX, Pullen M (2007) Accurate depth of field simulation in real time. Comput Graph Forum 26(1):655–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zyda M (2005) From visual simulation to virtual reality to games. IEEE Comput 38(9):25–32

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the following: The Herbert Art Gallery & Museum (Coventry, UK), Simon Bakkevig, and Lukasz Bogaj. This report includes imagery generated using the Virtual Egyptian Temple, which is a product of PublicVR (http://publicvr.org).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interactive Worlds Applied Research Group (iWARG), Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Eike Falk Anderson, Fotis Liarokapis & Christopher Peters

  2. The National Centre for Computer Animation (NCCA), Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

    Leigh McLoughlin

  3. Serious Games Institute (SGI), Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Panagiotis Petridis & Sara de Freitas

Authors
  1. Eike Falk Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leigh McLoughlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fotis Liarokapis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christopher Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Panagiotis Petridis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sara de Freitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eike Falk Anderson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Anderson, E.F., McLoughlin, L., Liarokapis, F. et al. Developing serious games for cultural heritage: a state-of-the-art review. Virtual Reality 14, 255–275 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-010-0177-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-010-0177-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation