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Methodology to evaluate the renewal period of carbonate aquifers: a key tool for their management in arid and semiarid regions, with the example of Becerrero aquifer, Spain

Méthodologie d’évaluation de la durée de renouvellement d’aquifères carbonatés : un outil clef pour leur gestion dans les régions arides et semi-arides, avec l’exemple de l’aquifère de Becerrero, Espagne

Metodología para evaluar el período de renovación de los acuíferos carbonáticos: una herramienta clave para su manejo en regiones áridas y semiáridas, con el ejemplo del acuífero de Becerrero, España

评估碳酸盐含水层更新期的方法:干旱半干旱地区碳酸盐含水层管理的关键工具,以西班牙Becerrero含水层为例

Metodologia para avaliação do período de renovação de aquíferos carbonatados: uma ferramenta chave para a sua gestão em regiões áridas ou semi-áridas, com o exemplo do aquífero de Becerrero, Espanha

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Abstract

A methodological procedure is proposed for determining the renewal period (RP), which expresses the ratio of total storage to recharge of carbonate aquifers, and it was applied to the overexploited moderate-size Becerrero carbonate aquifer (southern Spain). To this end, geological and subsurface data—time domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings and borehole logs—were integrated to construct a three-dimensional (3D) geological model of the aquifer. The interconnected porosity was estimated by analyzing 73 rock samples. The resulting 3D geometrical model makes it possible to quantify the fractions of the aquifer having a confined or unconfined behaviour. Based on the total storage capacity (179 · 106–514 · 106 m3) and available aquifer recharge estimation (4.8 · 106–6.4 · 106 m3/year), an RP between 37 and 106 years is obtained. In view of the RP, an exploitation rate slightly lower than the average recharge of the system is recommended, so that the piezometric level will be stable but below the discharge head that is produced through the springs in natural conditions. The proposed methodology to obtain an aquifer RP and the management strategies designed accordingly are of broad interest, especially for carbonate aquifers, which are abundant in arid and semiarid regions.

Résumé

Une procédure méthodologique est proposée pour déterminer la durée du renouvellement, qui exprime le ratio de la capacité totale de stockage à la recharge d’aquifères carbonatés et a été appliquée à l’aquifère surexploité, de dimensions moyennes, de Becerrero (Sud de l’Espagne). A cette fin, des données géologiques et de sub-surface (sondages électromagnétiques dans le domaine temps et logs de forage ont été intégrés pour construire un modèle géologique tridimensionnel de l’aquifère. La porosité d’interconnexion a été estimée en analysant 73 échantillons de roche. Le modèle géométrique 3D résultant a rendu possible la caractérisation des parties captives et non captives de l’aquifère. En se basant sur la capacité totale de stockage (179 · 106–514 · 106 m3) et sur une estimation de la recharge disponible de l’aquifère (4.8 · 106–6.4 · 106 m3/an), on obtient une durée de renouvellement comprise entre 37 et 106 ans. Au vu de la durée de renouvellement, un taux d’exploitation sensiblement plus faible que la recharge moyenne du système est recommandé, afin que le niveau piézométrique reste stable, mais en-dessous du débit de pointe produit au droit des sources dans des conditions naturelles. La méthodologie proposée pour obtenir la durée de renouvellement de l’aquifère et les stratégies de gestions conçues en conséquence sont d’un grand intérêt, spécialement pour les aquifères carbonatés, qui sont nombreux dans les régions arides et semi-arides.

Resumen

Se propone un procedimiento metodológico para determinar el período de renovación (RP), definido como la razón entre el almacenamiento total y la recarga, de acuíferos carbonáticos. Esta metodología se ha aplicado al acuífero carbonático de Becerrero (sur de España) que tiene un tamaño moderado y está actualmente sobreexplotado. A este fin, se integraron datos geológicos y de subsuelo —sondeos electromagnéticos en el dominio del tiempo (TEM) y datos de sondeos mecánicos— para construir un modelo geológico tridimensional (3D) del acuífero. La porosidad interconectada fue estimada tras analizar 73 muestras de rocas. El modelo geométrico 3D resultante permite diferenciar los sectores del acuífero que tienen un comportamiento confinado y libre. La capacidad total de almacenamiento (179 · 106–514 · 106 m3) y la recarga estimadas para el acuífero (4.8 · 106–6.4 · 106 m3/año), permiten obtener un RP entre 37 y 106 años. En vistas a este RP, se recomienda un ritmo de explotación ligeramente más bajo que la recarga promedio del sistema, de manera que los niveles piezométricos sean estables pero debajo de la cota de descarga de los manantiales. La metodología propuesta para obtener el RP del acuífero y las estrategias de gestión diseñadas tienen un interés global. Esta metodología es especialmente adecuada para la gestión de acuíferos carbonáticos, muy abundantes en regiones áridas y semiáridas.

摘要

提出了确定更新期的方法步骤,这个方法步骤展示了碳酸盐含水层总储存量对补给的比值,并应用在(西班牙南部)超采的中型Becerrero碳酸盐含水层。为此,对地质和地表以下的资料(时间域电磁探测和钻孔录井)进行整合,构建了含水层三维地质模型。通过分析73个岩石样品估算了相互连通的孔隙度。三维几何模型可以对具有承压或非承压性质的含水层每个部分进行定量。根据总储存能力(179 · 106–514 · 106 m3)和现有的含水层补给估算量(4.8 · 106–6.4 · 106 m3/year),获取了37到106年之间的更新期。由于更新期,建议开采量稍微低于系统的补给量,以便使测压水位保持稳定,但低于通过自然条件下泉产生的排泄水头。提出的获取含水层更新期的方法和相应设计的管理战略具有很广的意义,特别是对碳酸盐含水层而言,因为碳酸盐含水层在干旱和半干旱地区很丰富。

Resumo

Propõe-se um procedimento metodológico para a determinação do período de renovação (PR), que exprime o rácio do armazenamento total com a recarga em aquíferos carbonatados, que foi aplicado ao aquífero carbonatado de moderada dimensão sobre-explorado de Becerrero (sul de Espanha). Para este fim foram integrados dados geológicos e de subsuperfície (sondagens eletromagnéticas no domínio do tempo e diagrafias de sondagens) para construir um modelo geológico tridimensional (3D) do aquífero. A porosidade interconectada foi estimada através da análise de 73 amostras de rocha. O modelo geométrico 3D resultante tornou possível quantificar as frações do aquífero que têm um comportamento confinado e não confinado. Com base na capacidade de armazenamento total (179 · 106–514 · 106 m3) e na estima disponível da recarga do aquífero (4.8 · 106–6.4 · 106 m3/ano), foi obtida um PR entre 37 e 106 anos. Tendo em atenção o PR, recomendou-se uma taxa de exploração ligeiramente inferior à recarga média do sistema, de tal forma que o nível piezométrico possa ser estável mas inferior à cota de descarga que se produz através de nascentes em condições naturais. A metodologia proposta para a obtenção do PR de um aquífero e as estratégias de gestão que dela resultam são de interesse geral, especialmente para os aquíferos carbonatados, que são abundantes em regiões áridas e semi-áridas.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financed through projects TOPO-IBERIA CONSOLIDER-INGENIO (CSD2006–00041), CGL2010–21048, CGL-2008-03474-E, CGL-2010-15498, CGL-2010-21048 and the Junta de Andalucía group RNM148 and RMN123. Thanks to Jean Sanders who revised the English, and three anonymous reviewers are also kindly thanked for their attentive reading and constructive comments. Additionally, we would also like to thank Sue Duncan for her thoughtful technical editorial advice.

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Martos-Rosillo, S., Marín-Lechado, C., Pedrera, A. et al. Methodology to evaluate the renewal period of carbonate aquifers: a key tool for their management in arid and semiarid regions, with the example of Becerrero aquifer, Spain. Hydrogeol J 22, 679–689 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1086-9

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