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Requirements and design of powertrains for eVTOLs

Anforderungen und Design von Antriebssträngen in eVTOLs

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Abstract

The potential future of personal transportation and taxi services may be in some sectors beneficially amended with electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Currently, dozens of companies are actively engaged in the development of eVTOLs, with the imminent commercialization of several vehicles. This article delves into the requirements, the present trends and powertrain technologies surrounding VTOL flight mechanisms. The main challenge for eVTOLs is that the propulsion system becomes part of the primary flight control system and therefore is critical for controlling the vehicle. This puts much higher demands on availability and safety of the powertrains than in conventional aircraft. Furthermore, as mainly propellers and fans are used for control that feature a constant or only slowly varying pitch angle, the thrust has to be dynamically changed using motor speed changes resulting in demands on motor acceleration and deceleration which are far beyond those of other transportation applications. Finally, if lift-to-cruise eVTOLs are considered, conflicting requirements are put on the powertrain, where high power is required for rather short times during take-off and landing whereas a rather low continuous power at high powertrain efficiency is needed during the prolonged wing-borne operation phase. This article provides an overview of regulatory and flight physics for eVTOLs. Thus, requirements for the electrical powertrain are deployed with focus on battery, electric motor, thermal management and HV circuit. As in the case of ground-based vehicles, all these parts must be carefully selected, designed and co-optimized i. a. with focus on weight, energy or safety, but on trend with much more challenging aviation standards to be met.

Zusammenfassung

Die potenzielle Zukunft des Personenverkehrs könnte in einigen Sektoren durch elektrische Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL)-Flugzeuge vorteilhaft verändert werden. Derzeit arbeiten Dutzende von Unternehmen aktiv an der Entwicklung von eVTOLs, wobei die Kommerzialisierung mehrerer Flugzeuge unmittelbar bevorsteht. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Anforderungen, den aktuellen Trends und den Antriebstechnologien für VTOL-Flugmechanismen. Die größte Herausforderung bei eVTOLs besteht darin, dass das Antriebssystem Teil des primären Flugsteuerungssystems wird und somit entscheidend für dessen Regelung ist. Damit ergeben sich wesentlich höhere Anforderungen an die Verfügbarkeit und Sicherheit des Antriebsstrangs als bei konventionellen Flugzeugen. Da zur Regelung hauptsächlich Propeller mit konstantem oder nur langsam veränderlichem Steigungswinkel verwendet werden, muss der Schub dynamisch über Motordrehzahländerungen geregelt werden, was zu Anforderungen an die Motorbeschleunigung und -verzögerung führt, die weit über derer anderer Transportanwendungen hinausgehen. Schließlich werden bei eVTOLs widersprüchliche Anforderungen an den Antriebsstrang gestellt, da während des Starts und der Landung für kurze Zeit eine hohe Leistung erforderlich ist, während bei den längeren Cruise-Betriebsphasen eine eher geringe Dauerleistung bei hohem Wirkungsgrad des Antriebsstrangs benötigt wird. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Regelungstechnik und Flugphysik von eVTOLs. So werden die Anforderungen an den elektrischen Antriebsstrang mit Schwerpunkt auf Batterie, Elektromotor, Thermalmanagement und HV-Kreislauf dargestellt. Wie bei bodengebundenen Fahrzeugen müssen all diese Komponenten sorgfältig ausgewählt, konstruiert und gemeinsam optimiert werden; u. a. mit Fokus auf Gewicht, Energie oder Sicherheit, dies aber tendenziell mit den viel anspruchsvolleren Luftfahrtstandards, die erfüllt werden müssen.

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Funding

The publication was partly written at Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH in Graz and partially funded within the COMET K2 Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies from the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action (BMK), the Austrian Federal Ministry for Labour and Economy (BMAW), the Province of Styria (Dept. 12) and the Styrian Business Promotion Agency (SFG). The Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) has been authorised for the programme management.

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Correspondence to Christian Doppler.

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Doppler, C., Holzapfel, F., Scharrer, M.K. et al. Requirements and design of powertrains for eVTOLs. Elektrotech. Inftech. 141, 188–204 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-024-01213-0

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