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Modulation of stomatogastric rhythms

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Abstract

Neuromodulation by peptides and amines is a primary source of plasticity in the nervous system as it adapts the animal to an ever-changing environment. The crustacean stomatogastric nervous system is one of the premier systems to study neuromodulation and its effects on motor pattern generation at the cellular level. It contains the extensively modulated central pattern generators that drive the gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (food filtering) rhythms. Neuromodulators affect all stages of neuronal processing in this system, from membrane currents and synaptic transmission in network neurons to the properties of the effector muscles. The ease with which distinct neurons are identified and their activity is recorded in this system has provided considerable insight into the mechanisms by which neuromodulators affect their target cells and modulatory neuron function. Recent evidence suggests that neuromodulators are involved in homeostatic processes and that the modulatory system itself is under modulatory control, a fascinating topic whose surface has been barely scratched. Future challenges include exploring the behavioral conditions under which these systems are activated and how their effects are regulated.

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Abbreviations

AB:

Anterior burster

CoG:

Commissural ganglion

CPG:

Central pattern generator

CPN2:

Commissural projection neuron 2

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

GM:

Gastric mill neurons

GPR:

Gastro-pyloric receptor

I A :

A-type current

Ih :

h-type current

I HTK :

High-threshold potassium current

I MIC :

Neuromodulator-induced current

LG:

Lateral gastric neuron

LP:

Lateral pyloric neuron

MCN:

Modulatory commissural neuron

MPN:

Modulatory proctolin neuron

PD:

Pyloric dilator neuron

STG:

Stomatogastric ganglion

STNS:

Stomatogastric nervous system

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Acknowledgments

I thank M.P. Nusbaum, F. Nadim and H. Wolf for critically reading the manuscript and polishing the English. I would also like to thank N. Daur, U. Hedrich and J. Ausborn for helpful discussions. Research support in our laboratory is from German Research Foundation (DFG) grants.

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  1. Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany

    Wolfgang Stein

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Correspondence to Wolfgang Stein.

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Stein, W. Modulation of stomatogastric rhythms. J Comp Physiol A 195, 989–1009 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0483-y

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