Abstract
Recent interest in complex systems and specially social networks has catalyzed the development of numerous models to help understand these networks. A number of models have been proposed recently where they are either variants of the small-world model, the preferential attachment model or both. Three fundamental properties attributed to identify these complex networks are high clustering coefficient, small average path length and the vertex connectivity following power-law distribution. Different models have been presented to generate networks having all these properties. In this study, we focus on social networks and another important characteristic of these networks, which is the presence of community structures. Often misinterpret with the metric called clustering coefficient, we first show that the presence of community structures is indeed different from having high clustering coefficient. We then define a new network generation model which exhibits all the fundamental properties of complex networks along with the presence of community structures.









Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida H, Neto G, Meira W Jr, Zaki MJ (2012) Towards a better quality metric for graph cluster evaluation. J Inf Data Manag 3(3):378–393
Archambault D, Munzner T, Auber D (2007) grouse: feature-based, steerable graph hierarchy exploration. In: EuroVis, pp 67–74
Auber D, Chiricota Y, Jourdan F, Melancon G (2003) Multiscale visualization of small world networks. In: INFOVIS ’03: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, pp 75–81
Barabási AL, Albert R (1999) Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286(5439):509–512
Boccaletti S et al (2006) Complex networks: structure and dynamics. Phys Reports 424:175–308
Brandes U, Erlebach T (2005) Network analysis: methodological foundations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin
Catanzaro M, Caldarelli G, Pietronero L (2004) Assortative model for social networks. Phys Rev E (Statist Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys) 70(3):1–4
Coleman JS (1964) An introduction to mathematical sociology. Collier-Macmillan, London
Condon A, Karp RM (1999) Algorithms for graph partitioning on the planted partition model. Random Struct Algorithms 18(2):116–140
Cross R, Parker A, Borgatti SP (2000) A bird’s-eye view: using social network analysis to improve knowledge creation and sharing. Knowl Dir 2(1):48–61
Dorogovtsev SN, Mendes JFF (2002) Evolution of networks. Adv Phys 51:1079–1187
Erdos P, Renyi A (1960) On the evolution of random graphs. Publ Math Inst Hung Acad Sci 5:17–61
Everitt BS, Landau S, Leese M (2009) Cluster analysis, 4th edn. Wiley, New York
Freeman LC (2004) The development of social network analysis: a study in the sociology of science. Empirical Press, Vancouver
Fu P, Liao K (2006) An evolving scale-free network with large clustering coefficient. In: ICARCV, IEEE, pp 1–4
Gilbert F, Simonetto P, Zaidi F, Jourdan F, Bourqui R (2011) Communities and hierarchical structures in dynamic social networks: analysis and visualization. Soc Netw Anal Min 1:83–95. doi:10.1007/s13278-010-0002-8
Girvan M, Newman MEJ (2002) Community structure in social and biological networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8271–8276
Gordon AD (1981) Classification: methods for the exploratory analysis of multivariate data. Chapman & Hall Ltd., London
Guillaume J-L, Latapy M (2005) Bipartite graphs as models of complex networks. In: Workshop on Combinatorial and Algorithmic Aspects of Networking (CAAN), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3405. Springer, pp 127–139
Holme P, Kim BJ (2002) Growing scale-free networks with tunable clustering. Phys Rev E 65:026107
Jain AK, Murty MN, Flynn PJ (1999) Data clustering: a review. ACM Comput Surv 31(3):264–323
Jia Y, Garland M, Hart JC (2011) Social network clustering and visualization using hierarchical edge bundles. Comput Gr Forum 30(8):2314–2327
Jung CJ (1921) Psychologischen typen. Volume Translation Baynes HG, 1923. Rascher, Zurich
Klemm K, Eguiluz VM (2002) Growing scale-free networks with small world behavior. Physical Review E 65:057102
Lilijeros F, Edling C, Amaral L, Stanley E, åberg Y (2001) The web of human sexual contacts. Nature 411:907–908
Liu J-G, Dang Y-Z, tuo Wang Z (2005) Multistage random growing small-world networks with power-law degree distribution. Chin Phys Lett 23(3):746 (Comment: 3 figures, 4 pages)
Milgram S (1967) The small world problem. Psychol Today 1:61–67
Newman M (2003) Mixing patterns in networks. Phys Rev E 67:026126
Newman M (2004) Detecting community structure in networks. Eur Phys J B-Condens Matt 38(2):321–330
Newman MEJ (2002) Assortative mixing in networks. Phys Rev Lett 89(20):208701
Newman MEJ (2003) The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Rev 45:167
Newman MEJ (2006) Finding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices. Phys Rev E (Statist Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys) 74(3):036104
Päivinen N (2007) A quest for the hidden knowledge. PhD thesis, University of Kuopio, Kuopio
Rapoport A (1957) Contribution to the theory of random and biased nets. Bull Math Biophys 19:257–277
Schaeffer SE (2007) Graph clustering. Comput Sci Rev 1(1):27–64
Scott J (2011) Social network analysis: developments, advances, and prospects. Soc Netw Anal Min 1:21–26
Scott JP (2000) Social network analysis: a handbook. SAGE Publications, New York
Simmel G, Wolff KH (1950) The sociology of Georg Simmel/translated and edited with an introduction by Wolff KH. Free Press, Glencoe
Tryon RC (1939) Cluster analysis. Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor
Virtanen S (2003) Properties of nonuniform random graph models. Research Report A77, Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory for Theoretical Computer Science, Espoo
Wang J, Rong L (2008) Evolving small-world networks based on the modified ba model. Inf Technol Int Conf Comput Sci 0:143–146
Wang L, Du F, Dai HP, Sun YX (2006) Random pseudofractal scale-free networks with small-world effect. Eur Phys J B—Condens Matter Complex Syst 53:361–366
Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Watts DJ, Strogatz SH (1998) Collective dynamics of ’small-world’ networks. Nature 393:440–442
Xu R, Wunsch D (2005) Survey of clustering algorithms. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 16(3):645–678
Zaidi F (2012) Small world networks and clustered small world networks with random connectivity. Soc Netw Anal Min, pp 1–13. doi:10.1007/s13278-012-0052-1
Zaidi F, Melançon G (2010) Identifying the presence of communities in complex networks through topological decomposition and component densities. In: EGC 2010, Extraction et Gestion de Connaissance, vol E-19, RNTI, pp 163–174
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sallaberry, A., Zaidi, F. & Melançon, G. Model for generating artificial social networks having community structures with small-world and scale-free properties. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 3, 597–609 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-013-0105-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-013-0105-0