Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) are needed to produce many cutting-edge products, and their depletion is a major concern. In this paper, we identify unique characteristics of REE-related patents granted from 1975 to 2013 in five large patent offices around the world. Through topic detection and clustering of patent text, we found that purification processes related to oxides, nitrogen oxide, and exhaust gas were highlighted in the Korean Intellectual Property Office and Japan Patent Office (JPO). Molecular sieve, dispersion, and preparation methods involving yttrium, cerium, methane, zirconium, and ammonia were prominent in the China Patent and Trademark Office (CPTO) in the areas of performing operation and transporting. Quadratic assignment procedure correlation analysis was performed for IPC co-occurrence among REE patents in different offices, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office showed significantly different patterns than the CPTO and JPO. Furthermore, using betweenness centrality as an indicator of technology transition, the manufacture and treatment of nanostructures, nanotechnology for materials and surface science, and electrodes were identified as important REE technologies to be protected in Korea. In Japan, the technological areas identified as important for protection were the apparatuses and processes of manufacturing or assembling devices, compounds of iron, and materials. Our study results offer insights into national strategies for REE-related technologies in each country.
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Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (2013R1A2A1A09004699).
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Appendices
Appendix 1
See Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
Appendix 2
See Table 15.
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Ju, Y., Sohn, S.Y. Identifying patterns in rare earth element patents based on text and data mining. Scientometrics 102, 389–410 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1382-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1382-8
Keywords
- Rare earth elements
- Patent
- Text mining
- Topic detection
- Quadratic assignment procedure (QAP)
- Patent network analysis
- Association rule