Abstract
Functional verification techniques based on fault injection and simulation at register-transfer level (RTL) have been largely investigated in the past years. Although they have various advantages such as scalability and simplicity, they commonly suffer from the low speed of the cycle-accurate RTL simulation. On the other hand, Transaction-level modeling (TLM) allows a simulation speed sensibly faster than RTL. This article presents FAST, a framework to accelerate RTL fault simulation through automatic RTL-to-TLM abstraction. FAST abstracts RTL models injected with any RTL fault model into equivalent injected TLM models thus allowing a very fast fault simulation at TLM level. The article also presents FAST-DT, a new bit-accurate data type library integrated in the framework that allows a further improvement of the simulation speed-up. Finally, the article shows how the generated TLM test patterns can be automatically synthesized into RTL test patterns by exploiting the structural information of the RTL model extracted during the abstraction process. Experimental results have been performed on several designs of different size and complexity to show the methodology effectiveness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ara K, Suzuki K (2003) A proposal for transaction-level verification with component wrapper language. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, pp 82–87
Armstrong JR, Lam FS, Ward PC (1992) Test Generation and Fault Simulation for Behavioral Models. Prentice Hall
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Pravadelli G (2006) On the evaluation of transactor-based verification for reusing TLM assertions and testbenches at RTL. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, vol 1, pp 1–6
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Pravadelli G (2007) Incremental ABV for functional validation of TL-to-RTL design refinement. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, pp 882–887
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Pravadelli G, Marques-Silva J (2007) Towards equivalence checking between TLM and RTL models. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE MEMOCODE, pp 113–122
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Pravadelli G, Hampton M, Letombe F (2009) Functional qualification of TLM verification. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, pp 190–195
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Guarnieri V (2011) Accelerating RTL fault simulation through RTL-to-TLM abstraction. In: Proc. of IEEE ETS, pp 117–122
Bombieri N, Fummi F, Pravadelli G (2011) Automatic Abstraction of RTL IPs into Equivalent TLM Descriptions. IEEE Trans Comput 60(12):1730–1743
Borgatti M, Capello A, Rossi U, Lambert GL, Moussa I, Fummi F, Pravadelli G (2005) An integrated design and verification methodology for reconfigurable multimedia system. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, pp 266–271
Cai L, Gajski D (2003) Transaction level modeling: an overview. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE CODES+ISSS, pp 19–24
Cheng K-T, Krishnakumar A (1996) Automatic generation of functional vectors using the extended finite state machine model. ACM TODAES 1(1):57–79
Corno F, Cumani G, Sonza-Reorda M, Squillero G (2000) RT-level fault simulation techniques based on simulation command scripts. In: Proc. of IEEE DCIS, pp 21–24
Deniziak S, Sapiecha K (2004) Fast high-level fault simulator. In: Proc. of IEEE ICECS, pp 583–586
Dongwoo L, Jongwhoa N (2009) A novel simulation fault injection method for dependability analysis. IEEE Des Test Comput 26(6):50–61
Donlin A (2004) Transaction level modeling: Flows and use models. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE CODES + ISSS, pp 75–80
Ecker W, Esen V, Schonberg L, Steininger T, Velten M, Hull M (2007) Impact of description languages, abstraction layer, and value representation on simulation performance. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DATE, pp 767–772
Ferrandi F, Fummi F, Pravadelli G, Sciuto D (2003) Identification of design errors through functional testing. IEEE Trans Reliab 52(4):400–412
Ghenassia F, Clouard A, Jain K, Maillet-Contoz L, Strassen J-P (2003) Using Transactional Level Models in a SoC Design Flow. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Ghosh I, Fujita M (2001) Automatic test pattern generation for functional register-transfer level circuits using assignment decision diagrams. IEEE Trans Comput-Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 20(3):401–415
Gracia J, Baraza JC, Gil D, Gil PJ (2001) Comparison and application of different VHDL-based fault injection techniques. In: Proc. of IEEE DFT, pp 579–582
Guerrouat A, Richter H (2006) A component-based specification approach for embedded systems using FDTs. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 31(2):14–18
Kammler D, Ascheid GJG, Leupers R, Meyr H (2009) A fast and flexible platform for fault injection and evaluation in Verilog-based simulations. In: Proc. of IEEE SSIRI, pp 309–314
Katagiri H, Yasumoto K, Kitajima A, Higashino T, Taniguchi K (2000) Hardware implementation of communication protocols modeled by concurrent EFSMs with multi-way synchronization. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE DAC, pp 762–767
Koo TJ, Sinopoli B, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A, Sastry S (1999) A formal approach to reactive system design: unmanned aerial vehicle flight management system design example. In: Proc. of IEEE CACSD, pp 522–527
Liang Z, Ghosh I, Hsiao M (2006) A framework for automatic design validation of RTL circuits using ATPG and observability-enhanced tag coverage. IEEE Trans Comput-Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 25(11):2526–2538
Mao W, Gulati RK (1996) Improving gate level fault coverage by RTL fault grading. In: Proc. of IEEE ITC, p 150
Mingsong C, Mishra P, Kalita D (2007) Towards RTL test generation from SystemC TLM specifications. In: Proc. of IEEE HLDVT, pp 91–96.
Park S, Chen L, Parvathala PK, Patil S, Pomeranz I (2006) A functional coverage metric for estimating the gate-level fault coverage of functional tests. In: Proc. of IEEE ITC, pp 1–10
Rimen M, Ohlsson J, Jenn E, Arlat J, Karlsson J (1994) Fault injection into VHDL models: the MEFISTO tool. In: Proc. of IEEE FTCS, pp 66–75
Su M-Y, Shih C-H, Huang J-D, Jou J-Y (2006) FSM-based transaction-level functional coverage for interface compliance verification. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE ASP-DAC, pp 448–453
Takach A, Gutberlet P, Waters S (2004) Fast bit-accurate C+ + datatypes for functional system verification and synthesis. In: Proc. of ECSI FDL, pp 337–345
Thaker P, Agrawal V, Zaghloul M (2003) A test evaluation technique for VLSI circuits using register-transfer level fault modeling. IEEE Trans Comput-Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 22(8):1104–1113
TLM-2.0 (2009) OSCI TLM-2.0 Language Reference Manual, Open SystemC Organization Initiative, http://www.accellera.org/downloads/standards/. Accessed 5 July 2012
Tschche O, Sieh V, Balbach F (1997) VERIFY: Evaluation of reliability using VHDL-models with embedded fault descriptions. In: Proc. of IEEE FTCS, pp 32–36
Wang Z-H, Ye Y-Z (2005) The improvement for transaction level verification functional coverage. In: Proc. of IEEE ISCAS, pp 5850–5853
Zhong-hai W, Yi-zheng Y (2005) The improvement for transaction level verification functional coverage. In: Proc. of IEEE ISCAS, pp 5850–5853
Zitouni A, Badrouchi S, Tourki R (2006) Communication architecture synthesis for multi-bus SoC. JCS 2(1):63–71
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: C. Metra
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bombieri, N., Fummi, F. & Guarnieri, V. FAST: An RTL Fault Simulation Framework based on RTL-to-TLM Abstraction. J Electron Test 28, 495–510 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-012-5318-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-012-5318-z