Abstract
Kannada, 2500 years old, the administrative and official language of Karnataka state, India. The language script comprises of 16 vowels and 34 consonants, which are formed with primitives, connection points and relative positions of other primitives. The writing skill of the language needs teaching, the teachers and parents put efforts on children to make them learn the good writing skills. Here lies the scope for automation. Robots assist children in constructing the characters of the language and improve their handwriting skills. Till date, formalism has been applied to languages to check their syntax and semantics to frame words, sentences and paragraphs. But not for the character construction, which needs a formal approach. This paper presents the development of Inter-Primitive Grammar for Construction of Kannada Language Vowels and Consonants based on their Hierarchical Structures. The unambiguous Context Free Grammar (CFG), consisting of a combination of a set of primitives written in specific sequence for construction of Kannada vowels and consonants is devised. Since two primitives are connected at a time, productions are written in Chomsky Normal Form (CNF). To corroborate the grammar, a given string of primitives as input to the tools, the corresponding transliteration code for the given character is generated. Lex and Yacc tools are used, to verify the completeness and soundness of the grammar.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Prasanna, K., Kumar, P.R.: Handwriting recognition of Kannada characters and context free grammar based syntax analysis. Int. J. Sci. Res. 1(1), 24–29 (2012)
Ota, I., Yamamoto, R., Nishimoto, T., Sagayama, S.: On-line handwritten Kanji string recognition based on grammar description of character structures. In: 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition ICPR (2008)
Wang, Y., Wang, H., Pan, C., Fang, L.: Style preserving Chinese character synthesis based on hierarchical representation of character. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (2008)
Ota, I., Yamamoto, R., Sako, S., Sagayama, S.: Online handwritten Kanji recognition based on inter-stroke grammar. In: 9th International Proceedings on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1188–1192. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2007)
Kim, H.J., Kim, S.K.: On-line recognition of cursive Korean characters using art-based stroke classification (recognition of cursive Korean characters). Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell. 10(7), 791–812 (1996)
Kim, S.K., Kim, J.W., Kim, H.J.: On-line recognition of cursive Korean characters using neural networks. Neurocomputing 10(3), 291–305 (1996)
Kim, P.K., Lee, J.K., Kim, H.J.: Handwritten Korean character recognition by stroke extraction and representation. In: Proceedings of TENCON 1993 in Computer, Communication, Control and Power Engineering (1993)
Wang, J.H., Ozawa, S.: Automated generation of Chinese character structure data based on extracting the strokes. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (1993)
Ohmori, K.: On-line handwriting Kanji character recognition using hypothesis generation in the space of hierarchical knowledge. In: 3rd International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 242–251 (1993)
Nagahashi, H., Nakatsuyama, M.: A pattern description and generation method of structural characters. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 8(1), 112–118 (1986)
Indira, K., Selvi, S.S.: Kannada character recognition system: a review. Inter JRI Sci. Technol. 1(2) (2009)
Pal, U., Chaudhuri, B.B.: Indian script character recognition: a survey. Pattern Recogn. 37(9), 1887–1899 (2004)
Johnson, S.C.: Yacc: yet another compiler-compiler. Computing Science Technical report no. 32. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill (1975)
Lesk, M.E., Schmidt, E.: Lex - a lexical analyzer generator. Computing Science Technical report no. 39. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill (1975)
Levine, J.R., Mason, T., Brown, D.: Lex & Yacc. O’Reilly & Associates Inc., Sebastopol (1992)
Kamble, P.M., Hegadi, R.S.: Handwritten Marathi character recognition using R-HOG feature. In: International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications (2015)
Santosh, K.C., Nattee, C.: Stroke number and order free handwriting recognition for Nepali. In: Yang, Q., Webb, G. (eds.) PRICAI 2006. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4099, pp. 990–994. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36668-3_120
Santosh, K.C., Nattee, C.: A comprehensive survey on on-line handwriting recognition technology and its real application to the Nepalese natural handwriting. Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 5(1), 31–55 (2009)
Kamble, P.M., Hegadi, R.S.: Geometrical features extraction and KNN based classification of handwritten Marathi characters. In: World Congress on Computing and Communication Technologies (2017)
Santosh, K.C., Nattee, C.: Spatial similarity based stroke number and order free clustering. In: International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Kolkata, India (2016)
Santosh, K.C., Nattee, C.: Relative positioning of stroke based clustering: a new approach to on-line handwritten Devanagari character recognition. Int. J. Image Graph. 12(02), 1250016 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Anami, B.S., Garag, D.S. (2019). Development of Inter-primitive Grammar for Construction of Kannada Language Vowels and Consonants Based on Their Hierarchical Structures. In: Santosh, K., Hegadi, R. (eds) Recent Trends in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition. RTIP2R 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1037. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9187-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9187-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9186-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-9187-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)