Abstract
Interlockings implement Railway Signalling Principles which ensure the safe movements of trains along a track system. They are safety critical systems which require a thorough analysis. We are aiming at supporting the safety analysis by automated tools, namely model checkers.
Model checking provides a full state space exploration and is thus intrinsically limited in the problem’s state space. Current research focuses on extending these limits and pushing the boundaries. In our work we investigate possible optimisations for symbolic model checking. Symbolic model checkers exploit a compact representation of the model using Binary Decision Diagram. These structures provide a canonical representation which allows for reductions. The compactness of this data structure and possible reductions are dependent on two orderings: the ordering of variables and the ordering in which sub-structures are manipulated. This paper reports on findings of how a near to optimal ordering can be generated for the domain of interlocking verification.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Robinson, N., Barney, D., Kearney, P., Nikandros, G., Tombs, D.: Automatic generation and verification of design specification. In: Proc. of Int. Symp. of the International Council on Systems Engineering, INCOSE 2001 (2001)
Gnesi, S., Lenzini, G., Latella, D., Abbaneo, C., Amendola, A., Marmo, P.: An automatic SPIN validation of a safety critical railway control system. In: Procs. of IEEE Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, pp. 119–124. IEEE Computer Society (2000)
Bernardeschi, C., Fantechi, A., Gnesi, S., Mongardi, G.: Proving Safety Properties for Embedded Control Systems. In: Hlawiczka, A., Simoncini, L., Silva, J.G.S. (eds.) EDCC 1996. LNCS, vol. 1150, pp. 321–332. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Cleaveland, R., Luettgen, G., Natarajan, V.: Modeling and Verifying Distributed Systems Using Priorities: A case Study. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) TACAS 1996. LNCS, vol. 1055, pp. 287–297. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Groote, J., Koorn, J., van Vlijmen, S.: The safety guaranteeing system at station Hoorn-Kersenboogerd. In: Proceedings 10th IEEE Conference on Computer Assurance (COMPASS 1995), pp. 131–150. IEEE Computer Society Press (1995)
Eisner, C.: Using Symbolic Model Checking to Verify the Railway Stations of Hoorn-Kersenboogerd and Heerhugowaard. In: Pierre, L., Kropf, T. (eds.) CHARME 1999. LNCS, vol. 1703, pp. 97–109. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Eisner, C.: Using symbolic CTL model checking to verify the railway stations of Hoorn-Kersenboogerd and Heerhugowaard. Software Tools for Technology Transfer 4(1), 107–124 (2002)
Simpson, A., Woodcock, J., Davies, J.: The mechanical verification of solid state interlocking geographic data. In: Groves, L., Reeves, S. (eds.) Proc. of Formal Methods Pacific (FMP 1997). Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science Series, pp. 223–243. Springer (1997)
Huber, M., King, S.: Towards an Integrated Model Checker for Railway Signalling Data. In: Eriksson, L.-H., Lindsay, P.A. (eds.) FME 2002. LNCS, vol. 2391, pp. 204–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Ferrari, A., Magnani, G., Grasso, D., Fantechi, A.: Model checking interlocking control tables. In: Schnieder, E., Tarnai, G. (eds.) Proceedings of Conference on Formal Methods for Automation and Safety in Railway and Automotive Systems (FORMS/FORMAT 2010), vol. 2, pp. 107–115. Springer (2011)
Winter, K., Robinson, N.J.: Modelling large railway interlockings and model checking small ones. In: Oudshoorn, M. (ed.) Proc. of Australasian Computer Science Conference, ACSC 2003 (2003)
Winter, K., Johnston, W., Robinson, P., Strooper, P., van den Berg, L.: Tool support for checking railway interlocking designs. In: Cant, T. (ed.) Proc. of the 10th Australian Workshop on Safety Related Programmable Systems (SCS 2005), vol. 55, pp. 101–107. Australian Computer Society, Inc. (2005)
Johnston, W., Winter, K., van den Berg, L., Strooper, P., Robinson, P.: Model-Based Variable and Transition Orderings for Efficient Symbolic Model Checking. In: Misra, J., Nipkow, T., Sekerinski, E. (eds.) FM 2006. LNCS, vol. 4085, pp. 524–540. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Winter, K.: Symbolic Model Checking for Interlocking Systems. In: Railway Safety, Reliability, and Security: Technologies and Systems Engineering, pp. 298–315. IGI Global (2012)
Robinson, N.: Operation concept document. SigTools-004, version 1.9 (May 2002)
Robinson, N.: Design specification – Track Layout Editor. SigTools-032, version 1.1 (April 2004)
McComb, T., Robinson, N.J.: Assuring graphical computer aided design tools. Technical Report TR02-18, Software Verification Research Centre, University of Queensland (2001)
Tombs, D., Robinson, N.J., Nikandros, G.: Signalling control table generation and verification. In: Proc. of Conf. on Railway Engineering (CORE 2002). Railway Technical Society of Australasia (2002)
Johnston, W.: Design specification – Control Table Editor. SigTools-044, version 0.1 (January 2003)
van den Berg, L., Strooper, P., Johnston, W.: An automated approach for the interpretation of counter-examples. In: Bloem, R., Roveri, M., Somenzi, F. (eds.) Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Verification and Debugging, pp. 6–25 (2006)
Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Giunchiglia, E., Giunchiglia, F., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Sebastiani, R., Tacchella, A.: NuSMV 2: An OpenSource Tool for Symbolic Model Checking. In: Brinksma, E., Larsen, K.G. (eds.) CAV 2002. LNCS, vol. 2404, pp. 359–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Egon Börger, R.S.: Abstract State Machines: A Method for High-Level System Design and Analysis. Springer (2003)
Cavda, R., Cimatti, A., Jochim, C.A., Keighren, G., Olivetti, E., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Tchaltsev, A.: NuSMV 2.5 User Manual (2010), http://nusmv.irst.itc.it
Winter, K.: Model checking control tables: the ASM-NuSMV approach. SigTools.039, version 0.1 (October 2002)
Johnston, W.: Design specification - Verification Manager and NuSMV Driver. SigTools-051, version 0.4 (April 2004)
Alur, R., Dill, D.L.: A theory of timed automata. Theoretical Computer Science 126(2), 183–235 (1994)
Schneider, S.: An operational semantics for timed CSP. Information and Computation 116(2), 193–213 (1995)
van den Berg, L., Strooper, P., Winter, K.: Introducing Time in an Industrial Application of Model-Checking. In: Leue, S., Merino, P. (eds.) FMICS 2007. LNCS, vol. 4916, pp. 56–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Bryant, R.E.: Graph-based algorithms for boolean function manipulation. IEEE Transactions on Computers C-35(8) (August 1986)
Clarke, E., Grumberg, O., Peled, D.: Model Checking. MIT Press (2000)
Lewis, G., Comella-Dorda, S., Gluch, D., Hudak, J., Weinstock, C.: Model-based verification: Analysis guidelines. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2001-TN-028, Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (2001)
Burch, J., Clarke, E., Long, D.: Symbolic model checking with partitioned transition relations. In: Int. Conf. on Very Large Scale Integration (1991)
Geist, D., Beer, I.: Efficient Model Checking by Automated Ordering of Transition Relation. In: Dill, D.L. (ed.) CAV 1994. LNCS, vol. 818, pp. 299–310. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
McMillan, K.: Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer Academic Publishers (1993)
Moon, I.-H., Hachtel, G.D., Somenzi, F.: Border-Block Triangular Form and Conjunction Schedule in Image Computation. In: Johnson, S.D., Hunt Jr., W.A. (eds.) FMCAD 2000. LNCS, vol. 1954, pp. 73–90. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Winter, K. (2012). Optimising Ordering Strategies for Symbolic Model Checking of Railway Interlockings. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds) Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Applications and Case Studies. ISoLA 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7610. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34032-1_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34032-1_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34031-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34032-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)