Accuracy of High-End and Self-build Eye-Tracking Systems | SpringerLink
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Accuracy of High-End and Self-build Eye-Tracking Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Hard and Soft Computing for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia and Security (ACS 2016)

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 534))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Eye tracking is a promising technology for human-computer interactions, which is however rarely used in practical applications. We argue that the main drawback of the contemporary eye trackers is their limited accuracy. There is no standard way of specifying this accuracy what leads to underestimating the accuracy error by eye tracker manufacturers. In this work we perform a subjective perceptual experiment measuring the accuracy of two typical eye trackers: a commercial corneal reflection-based device mounted under a display and a head-mounted do-it-yourself device of our construction. During the experiment, various conditions are taken into consideration including viewing angle, human traits, visual fatigue, etc. The results indicate that eye tracker accuracy is observer-referred and measured gaze directions exhibit a large variance. Interestingly, the perceptually measured accuracy of the low-cost do-it-yourself device is close to the accuracy of the professional device.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 22879
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 28599
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. TOBII: Accuracy and precision test method for remote eye trackers (version 2.1). Technical report, TOBII (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  2. SMI: RED250 Technical Specification. SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mantiuk, R., Kowalik, M., Nowosielski, A., Bazyluk, B.: Do-it-yourself eye tracker: low-cost pupil-based eye tracker for computer graphics applications. In: Schoeffmann, K., Merialdo, B., Hauptmann, A.G., Ngo, C.-W., Andreopoulos, Y., Breiteneder, C. (eds.) MMM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7131, pp. 115–125. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27355-1_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Reinhard, E., Khan, E.A., Akyuz, A.O., Johnson, G.: Color Imaging. Fundamentals and Applications. A K Peters, Wellesley (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Charman, W.N.: Optics of the eye. In: Fundamentals, Techniques and Design, vol. 1, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Robinson, D.A.: The mechanics of human saccadic eye movement. J. Physiol. 174, 245–264 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rayner, K.: Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol. Bull. 124, 372–395 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Robinson, D.A.: The oculomotor control system: a review. Proc. IEEE 56, 1032–1049 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Duchowski, A.T., Pelfrey, B., House, D.H., Wang, R.: Measuring gaze depth with an eye tracker during stereoscopic display. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, France, APGV 2011 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Salvucci, D.D., Goldberg, J.H.: Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. In: Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), New York, pp. 71–78 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Duchowski, A.T.: Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Springer, London (2007)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Blignaut, P.: Fixation identification: the optimum threshold for a dispersion algorithm. Attention Percept. Psychophys. 71, 881–895 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Shic, F., Scassellati, B., Chawarska, K.: The incomplete fixation measure. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & #38; Applications, ETRA 2008, pp. 111–114. ACM, New York (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hoffman, J.E., Subramaniam, B.: The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Attention Percept. Psychophys. 57, 787–795 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Morimoto, C., Koons, D., Amir, A., Flickner, M., Zhai, S.: Keeping an eye for HCI. In: Proceedings of the XII Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, pp. 171–176 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Morimoto, C.H., Mimica, M.: Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 98, 4–24 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. SMI: Experiment Center 2. Manual, version 2.4. SensoMotoric Instruments (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ditchburn, R.W.: The function of small saccades. Vis. Res. 16, 271–272 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. ITU: ITU Gaze Tracker software. IT University of Copenhagen, ITU GazeGroup (2009). http://www.gazegroup.org/home

  20. Kleiner, M., Brainard, D., Pelli, D.: What’s new in Psychtoolbox-3? A free cross-platform toolkit for Psychophysics with Matlab and GNU/Octave. Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics (2008). http://psychtoolbox.org

  21. ITU-R.REC.BT.500-11: Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality for television pictures (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Duchowski, A.T.: A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behav. Res. Meth. Instrum. Comput. 34, 455–470 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Mantiuk, R., Bazyluk, B., Tomaszewska, A.: Gaze-dependent depth-of-field effect rendering in virtual environments. In: Ma, M., Fradinho Oliveira, M., Madeiras Pereira, J. (eds.) SGDA 2011. LNCS, vol. 6944, pp. 1–12. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23834-5_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Mantiuk, R., Janus, S.: Gaze-dependent ambient occlusion. In: Bebis, G., Boyle, R., Parvin, B., Koracin, D., Fowlkes, C., Wang, S., Choi, M.-H., Mantler, S., Schulze, J., Acevedo, D., Mueller, K., Papka, M. (eds.) ISVC 2012. LNCS, vol. 7431, pp. 523–532. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33179-4_50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Mantiuk, R., Markowski, M.: Gaze-dependent tone mapping. In: Kamel, M., Campilho, A. (eds.) ICIAR 2013. LNCS, vol. 7950, pp. 426–433. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39094-4_48

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Mantiuk, R., Bazyluk, B., Mantiuk, R.K.: Gaze-driven object tracking for real time rendering. Comput. Graph. Forum 32, 163–173 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bazyluk, B., Mantiuk, R.: Gaze-driven object tracking based on optical flow estimation. In: Chmielewski, L.J., Kozera, R., Shin, B.-S., Wojciechowski, K. (eds.) ICCVG 2014. LNCS, vol. 8671, pp. 84–91. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11331-9_11

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The project was funded by the Polish National Science Centre (grant number DEC-2013/09/B/ST6/02270).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Zołnierska Street 52, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland

    Radosław Mantiuk

Authors
  1. Radosław Mantiuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Radosław Mantiuk .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Engineeri, Ehime University Graduate School of Science and Engineeri, Ehime, Japan

    Shin-ya Kobayashi

  2. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin , Szczecin, Poland

    Andrzej Piegat

  3. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin , Szczecin, Poland

    Jerzy Pejaś

  4. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin , Szczecin, Poland

    Imed El Fray

  5. Polish Academy of Sciences, Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

    Janusz Kacprzyk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Mantiuk, R. (2017). Accuracy of High-End and Self-build Eye-Tracking Systems. In: Kobayashi, Sy., Piegat, A., Pejaś, J., El Fray, I., Kacprzyk, J. (eds) Hard and Soft Computing for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia and Security. ACS 2016. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 534. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48429-7_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48429-7_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48428-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48429-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics