Abstract
The domain of beyond-the-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) flights of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has unique navigational challenges such as the reliable estimation, evaluation and mitigation of the risk of the associated flight paths. To tackle these challenges domain data from heterogeneous sources is needed. Failing to integrate this data carefully could result in inaccurate navigation decisions, poor situational awareness, and in general unsafe flight operations. In this paper we present a conceptual model that can be used to design conceptual graph databases that integrate the information of several domains to BVLOS. Furthermore, we show that our proposed conceptual graph database schema scales well for increasing sizes of stored domain and application data and permits constant query execution times for important recurring queries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Spatial functions - Neo4j cypher manual (2021). https://neo4j.com/docs/cypher-manual/current/functions/spatial/
Angles, R., Arenas, M., Barceló, P., Hogan, A., Reutter, J., Vrgoč, D.: Foundations of modern query languages for graph databases. ACM Comput. Surv. 50, 1–40 (2017)
Angles, R., et al.: PG-schema: schemas for property graphs. Proc. ACM Manag. Data 1, 198:1–198:25 (2023)
Arterburn, D.R., Ewing, M.S., Prabhu, R., Zhu, F., Francis, D.: FAA UAS center of excellence task A4: UAS ground collision severity evaluation (2017)
Bonifati, A., Furniss, P., Green, A., Harmer, R., Oshurko, E., Voigt, H.: Schema validation and evolution for graph databases. In: Laender, A.H.F., Pernici, B., Lim, E.-P., de Oliveira, J.P.M. (eds.) ER 2019. LNCS, vol. 11788, pp. 448–456. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33223-5_37
Clothier, R.A., Williams, B.P., Fulton, N.L.: Structuring the safety case for unmanned aircraft system operations in non-segregated airspace. Saf. Sci. 79, 213–228 (2015)
Cohn, P., Green, A., Langstaff, M., Roller, M.: Commercial drones are here: the future of unmanned aerial systems. McKinsey (2017)
la Cour-Harbo, A.: Quantifying ground impact fatality rate for small unmanned aircraft. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 93, 367–384 (2019)
la Cour-Harbo, A.: Ground impact probability distribution for small unmanned aircraft in ballistic descent. In: International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1442–1451 (2020)
Gugan, G., Haque, A.: Path planning for autonomous drones: challenges and future directions. Drones 7, 169 (2023)
Hartmann, S., Alshami, J., Ma, H., Steinmetz, D.: A conceptual framework for dynamic planning of alternative routes in road networks. In: Dobbie, G., Frank, U., Kappel, G., Liddle, S.W., Mayr, H.C. (eds.) ER 2020. LNCS, vol. 12400, pp. 539–554. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62522-1_40
Matalonga, S., White, S., Hartmann, J., Riordan, J.: A review of the legal, regulatory and practical aspects needed to unlock autonomous beyond visual line of sight unmanned aircraft systems operations. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 106, 10 (2022)
McFadyen, A., Martin, T., Perez, T.: Low-level collision risk modelling for unmanned aircraft integration and management. In: IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1–10 (2018)
Milano, M., Primatesta, S., Guglieri, G.: Air risk maps for unmanned aircraft in urban environments. In: International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1073–1082 (2022)
OpenStreetMap: Bounding box - openstreetmap wiki (2022). https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/w/index.php?title=Bounding_Box &oldid=2386165. Accessed 18 Mar 2023
Ortlieb, M., Konopka, J., Adolf, F.M.: Modular modelling of ground and air risks for unmanned aircraft operations over congested areas. In: AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), pp. 1–9. IEEE (2020)
Primatesta, S., Rizzo, A., la Cour-Harbo, A.: Ground risk map for unmanned aircraft in urban environments. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 97, 489–509 (2020)
Razzaq, S., Xydeas, C., Everett, M.E., Mahmood, A., Alquthami, T.: Three-dimensional UAV routing with deconfliction. IEEE Access 6, 21536–21551 (2018)
Roberge, V., Tarbouchi, M., Labonte, G.: Comparison of parallel genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for real-time UAV path planning. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf. 9, 132–141 (2013)
Rubio-Hervas, J., Gupta, A., Ong, Y.S.: Data-driven risk assessment and multicriteria optimization of UAV operations. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 77, 510–523 (2018)
Schopferer, S., Benders, S.: Minimum-risk path planning for long-range and low-altitude flights of autonomous unmanned aircraft. In: AIAA Scitech Forum, pp. 137:1–137:17 (2020)
StatistischesBundesamt: Regionalatlas Deutschland (2023). https://regionalatlas.statistikportal.de/
Steinmetz, D., Hartmann, S., Ma, H.: A conceptual modelling approach for the discovery and management of platoon routes. In: Ghose, A., Horkoff, J., Silva Souza, V.E., Parsons, J., Evermann, J. (eds.) ER 2021. LNCS, vol. 13011, pp. 282–296. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89022-3_23
Steinmetz, D., Merz, F., Burmester, G., Ma, H., Hartmann, S.: A modeling rule for improving the performance of graph models. In: Ralyte, J., Chakravarthy, S., Mohania, M., Jeusfeld, M.A., Karlapalem, K. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling. ER 2022. LNCS, vol. 13607, pp. 336–346. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17995-2_24
Veness, C.: Calculate distance and bearing between two latitude/longitude points using haversine formula in Javascript. http://web.archive.org/web/20230223150117/, http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html
Yapp, J., Seker, R., Babiceanu, R.: Providing accountability and liability protection for UAV operations beyond visual line of sight. In: IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1–8. IEEE (2018)
Zhang, B., Tang, L., Roemer, M.: Probabilistic weather forecasting analysis for unmanned aerial vehicle path planning. J. Guid. Control Dyn. 37, 309–312 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Burmester, G., Kugelmann, D., Steinmetz, D., Ma, H., Hartmann, S. (2023). A Conceptual Modeling Approach for Risk Assessment and Mitigation in Collision-Free UAV Routing Planning for Beyond-the-Visual-Line-of-Sight Flights. In: Almeida, J.P.A., Borbinha, J., Guizzardi, G., Link, S., Zdravkovic, J. (eds) Conceptual Modeling. ER 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14320. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47262-6_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47262-6_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47261-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-47262-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)