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Individuals Expend More Effort to Compete Against Robots Than Humans After Observing Competitive Human–Robot Interactions

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Social Robotics (ICSR 2021)

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Abstract

In everyday life, we often observe and learn from interactions between other individuals—so-called third-party encounters. As robots are poised to become an increasingly familiar presence in our daily lives, third-party encounters between other people and robots might offer a valuable approach to influence people’s behaviors and attitudes towards robots. Here, we conducted an online experiment where participants (n = 48) watched videos of human—robot dyads interacting in a cooperative or competitive manner. Following this observation, we measured participants’ behavior and attitudes towards the human and robotic agents. First, participants played a game with the agents to measure whether their behavior was affected by their observed encounters. Second, participants’ attitudes toward the agents were measured before and after the game. We found that the third-party encounters influenced behavior during the game but not attitudes towards the observed agents. Participants showed more effort towards robots than towards humans, especially when the human and robot agents were framed as competitive in the observation phase. Our study suggests that people’s behaviors towards robots can be shaped by the mere observation of third-party encounters between robots and other people.

R. H. Timmerman and T.-Y. Hsieh—Co-first authors.

A. Henschel, R. Hortensius and E.S. Cross—Co-senior authors.

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Funding

Research supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement number 677270 to E.S.C.), the Leverhulme Trust (PLP-2018–152 to E.S.C), and the BIAL Foundation (to R.H.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

    Rosanne H. Timmerman, Te-Yi Hsieh, Anna Henschel, Ruud Hortensius & Emily S. Cross

  2. Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Ruud Hortensius

  3. Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

    Emily S. Cross

Authors
  1. Rosanne H. Timmerman
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  2. Te-Yi Hsieh
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  3. Anna Henschel
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  4. Ruud Hortensius
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  5. Emily S. Cross
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emily S. Cross .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, Singapore, Singapore

    Haizhou Li

  2. The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Shuzhi Sam Ge

  3. A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore

    Yan Wu

  4. Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy

    Agnieszka Wykowska

  5. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA

    Hongsheng He

  6. Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

    Xiaorui Liu

  7. School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, Beijing, China

    Dongyu Li

  8. Social Cognition Human-Robot Interaction, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy

    Jairo Perez-Osorio

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Timmerman, R.H., Hsieh, TY., Henschel, A., Hortensius, R., Cross, E.S. (2021). Individuals Expend More Effort to Compete Against Robots Than Humans After Observing Competitive Human–Robot Interactions. In: Li, H., et al. Social Robotics. ICSR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13086. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90525-5_60

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90525-5_60

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