Abstract
A virtual reality study concerning participants’ anxiety levels when immersed in a virtual reality interaction with an autonomous vehicle was conducted. Five conditions were tested. The examined conditions are based on awareness of the virtual character (driver). During the external awareness conditions the virtual character either focuses on the road traffic or does not. During the internal awareness conditions the virtual character either pays attention to the car or not. For the fifth condition, the virtual character is completely unaware; since a head-mounted display (HMD) was placed on his face. Results, implications, and limitations are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bornstein, R.F., Leone, D.R., Galley, D.J.: The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53(6), 1070 (1987)
Burns, L.D.: Sustainable mobility: a vision of our transport future. Nature 497(7448), 181 (2013)
Calvert, S., Schakel, W., van Lint, J.: Will automated vehicles negatively impact traffic flow? J. Adv. Transp. 2017 (2017)
Chan, M., Nyazika, S., Singhal, A.: Effects of a front-seat passenger on driver attention: an electrophysiological approach. Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 43, 67–79 (2016)
Dalipi, A.F., Liu, D., Guo, X., Chen, Y., Mousas, C.: Vr-pavib: the virtual reality pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interaction benchmark. In: 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp. 38–41 (2020)
DeBord, M.: If you have a tesla and use autopilot, please keep your hands on the steering wheel. Business Insider
Deniaud, C., Honnet, V., Jeanne, B., Mestre, D.: An investigation into physiological responses in driving simulators: an objective measurement of presence. In: Science and Information Conference (SAI), pp. 739–748. IEEE (2015)
Elbanhawi, M., Simic, M., Jazar, R.: In the passenger seat: investigating ride comfort measures in autonomous cars. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 7(3), 4–17 (2015)
Engadget: renault’s concept ev drove me at 80mph while i wore a vr headset. https://www.engadget.com/2017/12/13/renault-symbioz-concept-ev-vr-impressions/
Funkhouser, K., Drews, F.: Reaction times when switching from autonomous to manual driving control: a pilot investigation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1854–1858 (2016)
Gold, C., Damböck, D., Lorenz, L., Bengler, K.: “take over!" how long does it take to get the driver back into the loop? In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1938–1942 (2013)
Gold, C., Körber, M., Lechner, D., Bengler, K.: Taking over control from highly automated vehicles in complex traffic situations: the role of traffic density. Hum. Factors 58(4), 642–652 (2016)
Griffin, M.J., Newman, M.M.: Visual field effects on motion sickness in cars. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 75(9), 739–748 (2004)
Häne, C., Sattler, T., Pollefeys, M.: Obstacle detection for self-driving cars using only monocular cameras and wheel odometry. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pp. 5101–5108. IEEE (2015)
Howard, D., Dai, D.: Public perceptions of self-driving cars: the case of berkeley, california. In: Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. 14, 4502 (2014)
Johns, M., Sibi, S., Ju, W.: Effect of cognitive load in autonomous vehicles on driver performance during transfer of control. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp. 1–4. ACM (2014)
Kennedy, R.S., Lane, N.E., Berbaum, K.S., Lilienthal, M.G.: Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. 3(3), 203–220 (1993)
Koilias, A., Mousas, C., Rekabdar, B.: Virtual reality car passenger anxiety on driving habits. In: EuroVR International Conference on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (2019)
Koilias, A., Mousas, C., Rekabdar, B., Anaqnostopoulos, C.N.: Passenger anxiety when seated in a virtual reality self-driving car. In: IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, pp. 1024–1025. IEEE (2019)
Koo, J., Kwac, J., Ju, W., Steinert, M., Leifer, L., Nass, C.: Why did my car just do that? explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM) 9(4), 269–275 (2015)
Kun, A.L., et al.: Human-machine interaction for vehicles: review and outlook. Found. Trends® Hum. Comput. Inter. 11(4), 201–293 (2018)
Levinson, J., et al.: Towards fully autonomous driving: systems and algorithms. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2011 IEEE, pp. 163–168. IEEE (2011)
Merat, N., Jamson, A.H., Lai, F.C., Daly, M., Carsten, O.M.: Transition to manual: driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 27, 274–282 (2014)
Meschtscherjakov, A., Perterer, N., Trösterer, S., Krischkowsky, A., Tscheligi, M.: The neglected passenger—how collaboration in the car fosters driving experience and safety. In: Meixner, G., Müller, C. (eds.) Automotive User Interfaces. HIS, pp. 187–213. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49448-7_7
Milleville-Pennel, I., Charron, C.: Driving for real or on a fixed-base simulator: is it so different? an explorative study. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 24(1), 74–91 (2015)
Mousas, C., Anastasiou, D., Spantidi, O.: The effects of appearance and motion of virtual characters on emotional reactivity. Comput. Hum. Behav. 86, 99–108 (2018)
Sadigh, D., Driggs-Campbell, K., Bajcsy, R., Sastry, S.S., Seshia, S.: User interface design and verification for semi-autonomous driving. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on High Confidence Networked Systems, pp. 63–64. ACM (2014)
Schultheis, M.T., Rebimbas, J., Mourant, R., Millis, S.R.: Examining the usability of a virtual reality driving simulator. Assistive Technol. 19(1), 1–10 (2007)
Slater, M., Usoh, M., Steed, A.: Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environ. 3(2), 130–144 (1994)
Sportillo, D., Paljic, A., Boukhris, M., Fuchs, P., Ojeda, L., Roussarie, V.: An immersive virtual reality system for semi-autonomous driving simulation: a comparison between realistic and 6-dof controller-based interaction. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, pp. 6–10. ACM (2017)
Sportillo, D., Paljic, A., Ojeda, L.: Get ready for automated driving using virtual reality. Accid. Anal. Prev. 118, 102–113 (2018)
Thrun, S.: Toward robotic cars. Commun. ACM 53(4), 99–106 (2010)
Urmson, C., et al.: Autonomous driving in urban environments: boss and the urban challenge. J. Field Robot. 25(8), 425–466 (2008)
Van Gerwen, L.J., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R., Diekstra, R.F.: Construction and psychometric characteristics of two self-report questionnaires for the assessment of fear of flying. Psychol. Assess. 11(2), 146 (1999)
Wagner, M., Koopman, P.: A philosophy for developing trust in self-driving cars. In: Meyer, G., Beiker, S. (eds.) Road Vehicle Automation 2. LNM, pp. 163–171. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19078-5_14
Wilfinger, D., Meschtscherjakov, A., Murer, M., Osswald, S., Tscheligi, M.: Are we there yet? a probing study to inform design for the rear seat of family cars. In: Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., Winckler, M. (eds.) INTERACT 2011. LNCS, vol. 6947, pp. 657–674. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23771-3_48
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Koilias, A., Mousas, C., Rekabdar, B., Anagnostopoulos, CN. (2020). Passenger Anxiety About Virtual Driver Awareness During a Trip with a Virtual Autonomous Vehicle. In: Bebis, G., et al. Advances in Visual Computing. ISVC 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12509. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64556-4_51
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64556-4_51
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64555-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64556-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)