Abstract
Academic and industrial system designers who consider using agent technology to solve an application problem are faced with a wide variety of agent paradigms: There are deliberative agents, reactive agents, interacting agents, hybrid agents, layered agents, believable agents, mobile agents, software agents, softbots — the list could well be prolonged. Also, within each paradigm, the user can select between different architectures and systems, making the actual choice a complex and difficult endeavor.
The objective of this paper is to assist readers in deciding which agent architecture to choose for a specific application. We approach this objective in three steps. First, we identify application areas for agent technology starting from the examples presented in the first part of this paper. Then, based on the characteristics of different classes of applications identified in the first step, we propose a classification of agents according to different classes of applications. Based on this classification, the third step is to provide rules of thumb to help a software engineer or system designer decide which agent architecture (or which class thereof) is likely to be appropriate for a certain class of applications.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. E. Agre and D. Chapman. What are plans for? In [24], pages 17–34. 1990.
R. C. Arkin. Integrating behavioral, perceptual, and world knowledge in reactive navigation. In [24], pages 105–122. 1990.
A. L. C. Bazzan, R. H. Bordini, and J. A. Campbell. Moral sentiments in multi-agent systems. In this volume, pages 113–131.
R. P. Bonasso, D. Kortenkamp, D. P. Miller, and M. Slack. Experiences with an architecture for intelligent, reactive agents. In [45], pages 187–202. Springer-Verlag, 1996.
M. E. Bratman, D. J. Israel, and M. E. Pollack. Toward an architecture for resource-bounded agents. Technical Report CSLI-87-104, Center for the Study of Language and Information, SRI and Stanford University, August 1987.
Rodney A. Brooks. A robust layered control system for a mobile robot. In IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, volume RA-2(1), pages 14–23, April 1986.
B. Burmeister and K. Sundermeyer. Cooperative problem-solving guided by intentions and perception. In Y. Demazeau and E. Werner, eds., Decentralized A. I., volume 3. North-Holland, 1992.
R. Conte, C. Castelfranchi, and F. Dignum. Autonomous norm-acceptance. In this volume, pages 99–112.
J. Ferber. Eco-problem solving: How to solve a problem by interactions. In Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on DAI, pages 113–128, 1989.
I. A. Ferguson. TouringMachines: An Architecture for Dynamic, Rational, Mobile Agents. PhD thesis, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK,, 1992.
R. James Firby. Adaptive Execution in Dynamic Domains. PhD thesis, Yale University, Computer Science Department, 1989. Also published as Technical Report YALEU/CSD/RR#672.
K. Fischer. Verteiltes und kooperatives Planen in einer flexiblen Fertigungsumgebung. DISKI, Dissertationen zur Künstlichen Intelligenz. infix, 1993.
S. Franklin and A. Graesser. Is it an agent, or just a program?: A taxonomy for autonomous agents. In J. P. Müller, M. J. Wooldridge, and N. R. Jennings, eds., Intelligent Agents III, volume 1193 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 21–36. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997.
E. Gat. Reliable Goal-directed Reactive Control for Real-World Autonomous Mobile Robots. PhD thesis, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1991.
M. P. Georgeff and F. F. Ingrand. Decision-making in embedded reasoning systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 972–978, 1989.
S. Grand, D. Cliff, and A. Malhotra. Creatures: Artificial life autonomous software agents for home entertainment. In W. Lewis Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 22–29. ACM, 1997.
N. R. Jennings. Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving. In Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 224–228, Vienna, 1992.
N. R. Jennings, P. Faratin, M. J. Johnson, T. J. Norman, P. O’Brien, and M. E. Wiegand. Agent-based business process management. International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, 5(2&3): 105–130, 1996.
W. L. Johnson and J. Rickel. Integrating pedagocial capabilities in a virtual environment agent. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 30–38. ACM Press, 1997.
D. Kinny. The AGENTIS agent interaction model. In this volume, pages 331–344.
J. E. Laird, A. Newell, and P. S. Rosenbloom. SOAR: an architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 33(1): 1–62, 1987.
D. M. Lyons and A. J. Hendriks. A practical approach to integrating reaction and deliberation. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on AI Planning Systems (AIPS), pages 153–162, San Mateo, CA, June 1992. Morgan Kaufmann.
P. Maes. The dynamics of action selection. In Proceedings of IJCAI-89, pages 991–997, Detroit, Michigan, August 1989.
P. Maes, editor. Designing Autonomous Agents: Theory and Practice from Biology to Engineering and Back. MIT/Elsevier, 1990.
J. P. Müller. The Design of Autonomous Agents —A Layered Approach, volume 1177 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996.
J. P. Müller, editor. Online Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents’97). ACM SIGART, 1997.
T. J. Norman, N. R. Jennings, P. Faratin, and E. H. Mamdani. Designing and implementing a multi-agent architecture for business process management. In J. P. Müller, M. J. Wooldridge, and N. R. Jennings, eds., Intelligent Agents III, volume 1193 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 261–276. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997.
H. S. Nwana. Software agents: an overview. Knowledge Engineering Review, 11(3):205–244, 1996.
S. Ossowski and A. García-Serrano. Social structure in artificial agent societies: Implications for autonomous problem-solving agents. In this volume, pages 133–148.
B. Pell, D.E. Bernhard, S. A. Chien, E. Gat, N. Muscettola, P. Pandurang Nayak, M. D. Wagner, and B. C. Williams. An autonomous spacecraft agent prototype. In W. Lewis Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 253–261. ACM, 1997.
M. Piaggio. Heir — a non-hierarchical hybrid architecture for intelligent robots. In this volume, pages 243–259.
J. Rachlin, R. Goodwin, S. Murthy, R. Akkiraju, F. Wu, S. Kumaran, and R. Das. A-teams: An agent architecture for optimization and decision-support. In this volume, pages 261–276.
A. S. Rao and M. P. Georgeff. BDI-agents: from theory to practice. In Proceedings of the First Intl. Conference on Multiagent Systems, San Francisco, 1995.
W. S. N. Reilly. Believable Social and Emotional Agents. PhD thesis, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
Y. Shoham. Agent-oriented programming. Artificial Intelligence, 60:51–92, 1993.
N. Skarmeas and K. L. Clark. Content based routing as the basis for intra-agent communication. In this volume, pages 345–362.
A. Sloman and R. Poli. SIM_AGENT: A toolkit for exploring agent designs. In [45], pages 392–407. Springer-Verlag, 1996.
L. Steels. Cooperation between distributed agents through self-organization. In Y. Demazeau and J.-P. Müller, eds., Decentralized A.I., pages 175–196. North-Holland, 1990.
D. D. Steiner, A. Burt, M. Kolb, and Ch. Lerin. The conceptual framework of MAI2L. In Pre-Proceedings of MAAMAW’93, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, August 1993.
P. Stone and M. Veloso. Task decomposition and dynamic role assignment for real-time strategic teamwork. In this volume, pages 293–308.
M. Tambe, R. Jones, J. E. Laird, P. S. Rosenbloom, and K. B. Schwamb. Building believable agents for simulation environments. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium: Believable Agents. AAAI, 1994.
S. R. Thomas. The PLACA agent programming language. In [44], pages 355–370. 1995.
D. E. Wilkins, K. L. Myers, and L. P. Wesley. Cypress: Planning and reacting under uncertainty. In M. H. Burstein, editor, ARPA/Rome Laboratory Planning and Scheduling Initiative Workshop Proceedings, pages 111–120. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Mateo, CA, 1994.
M. J. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings, editors. Intelligent Agents-Theories, Architectures, and Languages, volume 890 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, 1995.
M. J. Wooldridge, J. P. Müller, and M. Tambe, editors. Intelligent Agents II, volume 1037 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, 1996.
M. J. Wooldridge and S. D. Parsons. Intention reconsideration reconsidered. In this volume, pages 63–79.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Müller, J.P. (1999). The Right Agent (Architecture) to Do the Right Thing. In: Müller, J.P., Rao, A.S., Singh, M.P. (eds) Intelligent Agents V: Agents Theories, Architectures, and Languages. ATAL 1998. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1555. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49057-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49057-4_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65713-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49057-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive