Abstract
We are experiencing a tremendous increase in the amount of music being made available in digital form. With the creation of large multimedia collections, however, we need to devise ways to make those collections accessible to the users. While music repositories exist today, they mostly limit access to their content to query-based retrieval of their items based on textual meta-information, with some advanced systems supporting acoustic queries. What we would like to have additionally, is a way to facilitate exploration of musical libraries. We thus need to automatically organize music according to its sound characteristics in such a way that we find similar pieces of music grouped together, allowing us to find a classical section, or a hard-rock section etc. in a music repository. In this paper we present an approach to obtain such an organization of music data based on an extension to our SOMLib digital library system for text documents. Particularly, we employ the Self-Organizing Map to create a map of a musical archive, where pieces of music with similar sound characteristics are organized next to each other on the two-dimensional map display. Locating a piece of music on the map then leaves you with related music next to it, allowing intuitive exploration of a music archive.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. Bainbridge, C. Nevill-Manning, H. Witten, L. Smith, and R. McNab. Towards a digital library of popular music. In E. Fox and N. Rowe, editors, Proc of the ACM Conf on Digital Libraries (ACMDL’99), pages 161–169, Berkeley, CA, August 11–14 1999. ACM. http://www.acm.org/dl.
P. Cosi, G. De Poli, and G. Lauzzana. Auditory modeling and self organizing neural networks for timbre classification. Journal of New Music Research, 1994.
M. Dittenbach, D. Merkl, and A. Rauber. The growing hierarchical selforganizing map. In S. Amari, C. L. Giles, M. Gori, and V. Puri, editors, Proc of the Intern. Joint Conf on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2000), volume VI, pages 15–19, Como, Italy, July 24–27 2000. IEEE Computer Society. http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/ifs/research/publications.html.
S. Dixon and E. Cambouropoulos. Beat tracking with musical knowledge. In W. Horn, editor, Proc of the 14th European Conf on Artificial Intelligence, pages 626–630, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2000. IOS Press. http://www.ai.univie.ac.at/~simon/.
B. Feiten and S. Günzel. Automatic indexing of a sound database using selforganizing neural nets. Computer Music Journal, 18(3):53–65, 1994.
J. Foote. Content-based retrieval of music and audio. In C. Kuo, editor, Proc of SPIE Multimedia Storage and Archiving Systems II, volume 3229, pages 138–147, 1997. http://www.fxpal.xerox.com/people/foote/papers/spie97-abs.html.
A. Ghias, J. Logan, D. Chamberlin, and S. B.C. Query by humming: Musical information retrieval in an audio database. In Proc of the Third ACM Intern. Conf on Multimedia, pages 231–236, San Francisco, CA, November 5–9 1995. ACM. http://www.acm.org/dl.
M. Hawley. The personal orchestra. Computing Systems, 3(2):289–329, 1990.
T. Kohonen. Self-organizing maps. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995.
T. Kohonen, S. Kaski, K. Lagus, J. Salojärvi, J. Honkela, V. Paatero, and A. Saarela. Self-organization of a massive document collection. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 11(3): 574–585, May 2000. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/.
X. Lin. Aself-organizing semantic map for information retrieval. In Proc of the 14. Annual Intern. ACM SIGIR Conf on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR91), pages 262–269, Chicago, IL, October 13–16 1991. ACM. http://www.acm.org/dl.
R. McNab, L. Smith, J. Witten, C. Henderson, and S. Cunningham. Towards the digital music library: Tune retrieval from acoustic input. In Proc of the 1st ACM Intern. Conf on Digital Libraries, pages 11–18, Bethesda, MD, USA, March 20–23 1996. ACM. http://www.acm.org/dl.
M. (MMA). MIDI 1.0 Specification, V 96.1. online, March 1996. http://www.midi.org.
mp3. mp3.com. Website, May 2001. http://www.mp3.com. as of May 2001.
Y. Muraoka and M. Goto. Real-time rhythm tracking for drumless audio signals-chord change detection for musical decisions. In Proc of the IJCAI97 Workshop on Computational Auditory Scene Analysis, Nagoya, Japan, August 23–29 1997.http://www.etl.go.jp/~goto/PROJ/bts-j.html.
F. Nack and A. Lindsay. Everything you wanted to know about MPEG7-part 1. IEEE MultiMedia, pages 65–77, July–September 1999.
S. Pfeiffer, S. Fischer, and W. Effelsber. Automatic audio content analysis. In Proc of the Fourth ACM Conf on Multimedia, pages 21–30, Boston, USA, November 18–22 1996. http://www.acm.org/dl.
A. Rauber, M. Dittenbach, and D. Merkl. Automatically detecting and organizing documents into topic hierarchies: A neural-network based approach to bookshelf creation and arrangement. In J. Borbinha and T. Baker, editors, Proc of the 4. European Conf on Research and Advanced Technologies for Digital Libraries (ECDL2000), number 1923 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 348–351, Lisboa, Portugal, September 18–20 2000. Springer. http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/ifs/research/publications.html.
A. Rauber and D. Merkl. The SOMLib Digital Library System. In S. Abiteboul and A. Vercoustre, editors, Proc of the 3. European Conf on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL99), number LNCS 1696 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 323–342, Paris, France, September 22–24 1999. Springer. http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/ifs/research/publications.html.
A. Rauber and A. Muller-Kögler. Integrating automatic genre analysis into digital libraries. In Proc of the First ACM-IEEE Joint Conf on Digital Libraries, Roanoke, VA, June 24–28 2001. ACM.
Y. Tseng. Content-based retrieval for music collections. In Proc of the 22. Annual Intern. ACM SIGIR Conf on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pages 176–182, Berkeley, CA, August 15–19 1999. ACM. http://www.acm.org/dl.
E. Wold, T. Blum, D. Keislar, and J. Wheaton. Content-based classification search and retrieval of audio. IEEE Multimedia, 3(3):27–36, Fall 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rauber, A., Frühwirth, M. (2001). Automatically Analyzing and Organizing Music Archives. In: Constantopoulos, P., Sølvberg, I.T. (eds) Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries. ECDL 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2163. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44796-2_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44796-2_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42537-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-44796-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive