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1 | FLARE Network Twitter Conference Monday Oct 26 - Thursday Oct 29, 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Day | Sessions and Program sessions and page numbers: Monday A - F; Tuesday G - L; Wednesday M - R ; Thursday S - X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Plenary Sessions | Note: 10 min break between sessions; 5 minute pause after session introduction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Regular Sessions | All times are in EDT (Time zone converter: https://www.thetimezoneconverter.com/) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | Break | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | PROGRAM AT A GLANCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | Monday Oct 26 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Monday Oct 26 | Session A | 9:05 - 9:25 | Plenary: Manuel Pulgar-Vidal (WWF International) Do Nature Based Solutions Promote and Strengthen the Nexus Between Climate and Nature, and Bring New Opportunities to Forest and Livelihoods? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | Monday Oct 26 | Session B | 9:35 - 10:20 | Payments for ecosystem services | ||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Monday Oct 26 | Session C | 10:30 - 11:25 | Novel participatory methods in forest livelihood research and practice | ||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | Monday Oct 26 | Session D | 11:35 - 12:25 | Impacts of forest and livelihood interventions on food security | ||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | Monday Oct 26 | Session E | 1:05 - 1:35 | Poverty and prosperity in forested landscapes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Monday Oct 26 | Session F | 1:55 - 2:30 | Large scale land use in Indonesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Tuesday Oct 27 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session G | 9:05 - 9:25 | Plenary: Anne Larson (CIFOR)Transformational change: of what and for whom? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session H | 9:35 - 10:20 | Understanding the complex livelihoods of small-scale producers in Central Kalimantan. Scientific challenges and implications for development and conservation initiatives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session I | 10:30 - 11:25 | Climate action | ||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session J | 11:25 - 12:10 | Forest restoration insights | ||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session K | 12:45 - 1:40 | Multi-stakeholder approaches: inclusive, rights-based, participatory | ||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Tuesday Oct 27 | Session L | 1:20 - 2:05 | Community Forestry (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Wednesday Oct 28 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session M | 9:05 - 9:25 | Plenary: Kundan Kumar (RRI) Commons as Solutions: Climate, Biodiversity, Resilient Livelihoods and Collective Community Rights | ||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session N | 9:35 - 10:20 | Forest management in India | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session O | 10:40 - 11:25 | Functions and management of African woodlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session P | 11:40 - 12:15 | Large scale land use in African and Brazilian contexts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session Q | 12:45 - 1:40 | NTFPs and food security in diverse forest landscapes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Wednesday Oct 28 | Session R | 1:50 - 2:35 | Community Forestry (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Thursday Oct 29 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session S | 9:05 - 9:25 | Penny Davies (CLUA) Land Governance and Identity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session T | 9:35 - 10:10 | Afforestation in India | ||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session U | 10:20 - 11:05 | Evaluating the impacts of REDD+ on the ground (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session V | 11:15 - 12:00 | Evaluating the impacts of REDD+ on the ground (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session W | 12:30 - 1:15 | Covid-19, infectious disease, and human health | ||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | Thursday Oct 29 | Session X | 1:25 - 1:45 | FLARE Network Wrap-Up | ||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Monday, Oct 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | SESSION | TIME (EDT) | TITLE | PRESENTER | ||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | Chair: FLARE Secretariat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Session A: Plenary 1 | 9:05 - 9:25 | Title TBD | Manuel Pulgar-Vidal WWF @manuelpulgarvidal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Session B | 9:35 - 10:20 | Payments for ecosystem services | Chair: Cristy Watkins, University of Michigan | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
45 | B1 | 9:40 - 9:50 | Measuring impacts of conservation interventions on human wellbeing and the environment in Northern Cambodia | Henry Travers University of Oxford @henry_travers | Payments for ecosystem services have often been heralded as a means of incentivising the protection of forests while providing opportunities to improve the livelihoods of local communities. Yet these benefits are by no means assured and evidence in support of such claims remains scant. In Cambodia, an agri-environmental payment scheme called Ibis Rice has been implemented by the Wildlife Conservation Society and partner organisations since 2008. This programme was designed to reduce encroachment into forests inside protected areas and support livelihoods by incentivising local people to sign conservation agreements committing farmers not to clear forest for agriculture. Our study used a quasi-experimental design to show that Ibis Rice directly increases the material wellbeing of participating farmers relative to similar non-participating households. We also used a randomised control trial to assess the conservation impact of Ibis Rice. This showed that, in their first year of participation in the scheme, Ibis Rice farmers were four times less likely to clear forest than non-participating farmers. Findings of impact evaluations such as this not only help implementing organisations to understand their impact and identify where improvements can be made, but also add to the emerging literature of studies applying causative methods to provide a rigorous evidence base for conservation interventions. In this case, our study is one of the first uses of randomised control trials to assess the impact of conservation interventions on behaviour at the household level, whilst also demonstrating that the programme improves the livelihoods of participating farmers. | Henry Travers, University of Oxford. E.J. Milner-Gulland, University of Oxford. Tom Clements, Wildlife Conservation Society. | ||||||||||||||||||||
46 | B2 | 9:50 - 10:00 | REDD+ governance needs a driver and more fuel. The case of Quintana Roo, Mexico | Lissel Hernandez Gongora University of Guelph @LisselHG | REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) is a mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the forest sector in developing countries. REDD+ governance involves actors at multiple government levels and from multiple sectors. This study assesses the quality of governance in REDD+ in Quintana Roo, Mexico in terms of actors’ influence in decision-making, information sharing, knowledge exchange, financial coordination, conflict resolution, and creation of trust. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with members of the REDD+ Work Group (government officers), the REDD+ Advisory Council (sector representatives) and ejidos (property regime where communities own collectively land and resources). The data were collected from July to December 2018. We conclude that REDD+ governance in Quintana Roo needs a driver and more fuel. The driver will be one or a few specific actors who will direct the decision-making and implementation processes while promoting actors’ influence in decision-making, information sharing, knowledge exchange, financial coordination, conflict resolution and creation of trust. There is a potential risk that leadership may become just an alternative form of centralization, however, when dealing with issues as urgent and vital as climate change, it might be worth the risk. REDD+ early implementation (phase 2) also needs more fuel. In other words, more financial resources should be invested in activities to achieve significant results in reduction of deforestation and generating socio-economic benefits so the potential benefits of forest management can be more convincingly demonstrated. This study contributes to understanding the complex governance challenges within the renewed REDD+ mechanism that has moved away from a purely market approach towards a broader landscape approach to address the underlying causes of deforestation. These changes are leading to a social transformation not only in forests but in rural areas as the decisions regarding land-use and sharing of co-benefits impact the livelihoods of people involved in sectors such as agriculture, food security, conservation, among others. | Lissel Hernandez-Gongora, University of Guelph John Devlin, University of Guelph (retired) | ||||||||||||||||||||
47 | B3 | 10:00 - 10:10 | Effects of Ending Payments for Ecosystem Services: removal does not crowd prior conservation out | Lina Moros Universidad de los Andes @limoros | Programs of payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasing worldwide. Unlike protected areas (PAs), PES compensate those who provide ecosystem services (ES). Yet while PES programs intend to induce additional provision of ES, they have not always had expected impacts. In fact, a significant literature expresses concerns about PES programs or other external interventions potentially diminishing or crowding-out conservation behavior. We implemented a decision experiment in the field with peasants in rural Colombia. We tested the effects of total or partial removal of PES. We consider individual and collective payments and different rules for selecting who is removed when payments for ecosystem services end for some beneficiaries. We find that clearly there is no ‘behavioral crowding out’ when a PES is created and ended. Even a simple comparison over time between pre-PES and post-PES behavior finds no effect, on average across treatments, and for the majority of treatments no effect or indeed some form of ‘behavioral crowding in’, where post-PES contributions are higher than pre-PES for both collective and individual type of payments. We provide three explanations for this result: the “recognition or gratitude effect”, “positive emotions” and “intrinsic motivations”. Our research informs policy design and literature about incentives and behavior by considering what happens if payments end and whether it matters if only some of recipients are removed. | Lina Moros, Professor School of Management, Universidad de los Andes María Alejandra Vélez, Professor Economics Department and Director Centro de Estudios de Seguridad y Drogas (CESED), Universidad de los Andes Alexander Pfaff, Professor Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. Daniela Quintero, researcher, Universidad de los Andes | ||||||||||||||||||||
48 | B4 | 10:10 - 10:20 | What works (and why): lessons from a Randomized Control Trial of a Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme at the landscape scale. | Julia P G Jones Bangor University @juliapgjones | The 2019 Nobel Prize for economics was won by Banerjee, Duflo and Kramer for their experimental approach to alleviating poverty. While the trio are considered heroes by many, their use of Randomized Control Trials to evaluate the impact of development interventions has been controversial. There is growing awareness for better evidence of what works and what doesn’t work in terms of interventions aimed at slowing deforestation and improving local livelihoods, but experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of such interventions at the landscape scale are vanishingly rare. Using the example of a Randomized Control Trial of the Watershared intervention (a Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme in the Bolivian Andes), I will illustrate some of the pros and cons of experimental evaluation in the complex socio-ecological context in which many forest livelihood interventions are implemented. I will show that Watershared did not slow deforestation over its first five years and had no measurable impact on water quality. However it did appear to ‘crowd in’ (as opposed to ‘crowd out’) pro environmental values and resulted in some changes to local livelihoods. I will highlight that while randomization holds many advantages and we could be doing more, it is not practical or desirable for many common interventions. I will show that robust statistical methods, ideally in combination with publication of pre-analysis plans, will be the best approach in many contexts. The ultimate desire is that forest and livelihood interventions can avoid the acrimonious debate which has plagued the use of Randomized Control Trials in the field of poverty alleviation, and take a pragmatic approach to improving our understanding of what works, and crucially why. | Julia P G Jones (Bangor University) | ||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Session C | 10:30 - 11:25 | Novel participatory methods in forest livelihood research and practice | Chair: Cristy Watkins, University of Michigan | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
50 | C1 | 10:35 - 10:45 | A global summary of local residents’ attitudes and perceptions of benefits and problems of protected areas | Teri Allendorf University of Wisconsin Madison and Community Conservation, Inc. @allendorf42 | Park-people relationships are an important component of managing protected areas. However, finding common ground between local residents and protected areas is considered a challenge. On one hand, park-people relationships area often described in terms of the conflicts. On the other hand, a positive relationship between local communities and protected areas is associated with better social and ecological outcomes. Numerous case studies have captured people’s attitudes and perceptions of protected areas but how common are these positive attitudes and perceptions? In this review, I summarize 83 studies that capture local communities’ attitudes toward 132 protected areas and I summarize perceptions of problems and benefits from a subset of studies (54 studies across 76 protected areas). In 84% of the cases, the majority of respondents had positive attitudes toward the protected area. In 56% of the cases, more than 75% of respondents had positive attitudes toward the protected area. People were most positive toward protected areas in Latin America and Africa, followed by Asia and Europe. In 81% of the cases, people perceived conservation and ecosystem regulating services benefits. Other attributes perceived across a majority of protected areas were benefits from entities people associated with protected areas, protected area management and community development programs, as well as employment opportunities from tourism. Less commonly perceived positive attributes were direct extraction, recreation and aesthetic benefits, and cultural benefits. In a majority of the cases, people also perceived problems, including the lack of legal natural resource extraction, conflicts with wildlife, and negative interactions with management and unmet expectations of projects and economic opportunities. Less commonly perceived problems were loss of land and inability to expand agriculture. The preponderance of positive attitudes and perceptions suggests that we should not underestimate people’s support for protected areas and their potential willingness to participate in conservation efforts. The diversity of attributes that people perceived across protected areas suggests that park-people relationships can be strengthened and improved through multiple different pathways. | Teri D. Allendorf, University of Wisconsin Madison and Community Conservation, Inc. | ||||||||||||||||||||
51 | C2 | 10:45 - 10:55 | The times are changing: understanding past, current and future resource use in rural Papua New Guinea using participatory photography | Mirjam Hazenbosch University of Oxford @m_hazenbosch | Many people, especially in rural and low-income areas of the world, heavily rely on natural resources for their livelihood and well-being. Effective management of natural resources by communities is becoming increasingly difficult due to rapid and large-scale social-ecological changes, including population growth and climate change. Current planning processes are functioning poorly. Traditional government-led planning is often top-down and does not capture the voices of local communities, causing dissatisfaction. Also, planning exercises by supporting organisations and academics usually focus on a single issue thereby over-simplifying complex situations. One method that has been successful in involving local actors, highlighting multiple aspects and informing policy is participatory photography. In participatory photography people photograph their everyday lives, with the photos subsequently being used as a research and planning tool. Participatory photography has been successfully applied in public health. It has not, however, often been used to examine the links between natural resources, livelihoods and social-ecological changes, despite its great potential. We expand on previous uses of participatory photography, and apply it in a smallholder farming community in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to capture local perspectives on natural resource management, drivers of change along with their adaptation responses. In PNG 97% of the land is customary owned, meaning that especially in PNG participatory planning approaches are key. Twenty-four farmers across seven social groups photographed important past, present and future resources. Through discussing the photos we explored how the use of natural resources has changed and will change, which socioeconomic and biophysical stressors drive those changes, and how people are adapting. Photos and interviews were analysed using content- and thematic analyses. The process yielded rich visual data and stories. The main issue highlighted was an increase in crop diseases. This was attributed to growing insect populations, changes in weather and ultimately population growth. To adapt, farmers have shifted to growing alternative crops such as vanilla. Results provided triangulation for quantitative studies, allowed for exploring how different drivers interact, and gave insight into possible effective adaptive strategies. We show that participatory photography is a powerful method that can yield useful information for planning processes of natural resources. | Mirjam Hazenbosch - University of Oxford Shen Sui - The New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Brus Isua - The New Guinea Binatang Research Centre E.J. Milner-Gulland - University of Oxford Rebecca J. Morris - University of Southampton Emilie Beauchamp - International Institute for Environment and Development | ||||||||||||||||||||
52 | C3 | 10:55 - 11:05 | Using mental models and future imaginaries to understand forest livelihood transformation | Kira Sullivan-Wiley Boston University @ksullivanwiley | Sources of turbulence in forest-livelihood systems are as varied as forests and livelihoods themselves. Amidst turbulence, landholders are not only affected by socio-environmental changes, but are active actors in influencing future transformations of their landscapes. While much of the work on land use and forest transformation understands individual landholders as rational actors, portrayed through the economic lens of “producer,” our work recognizes rural landholders as active and knowledgeable in envisioning, managing, and shaping regional forest futures. We design and test a new approach using ecological mental maps and future imaginaries to understand land use practices through a case study in the cocoa-producing and Atlantic Forest region of Southern Bahia, Brazil. Our integrated socio-perceptual (ISP) approach combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to honor the depth of landholders’ experiences and perspectives and to allow broader regional relationships and insights into the forest-livelihood matrix to emerge. Our study demonstrates that the ISP approach—through 49 surveys—can capture variation and identify: (1) patterns in ecological mental maps of forests and future imaginaries of forest-proximate livelihoods, (2) relevant spatial scales underlying these factors, and (3) relationships between mental maps, imaginaries, and land use. This work indicates that present understandings of the people involved in forest-livelihoods transformations are insufficient in their representations of landholders as producers, focused principally on their own lands, and in need of ecological information to prompt different land uses. We discuss implications of this research for conservation and forest livelihood policy and practice, especially in times of transformation. | Kira Sullivan-Wiley, Pardee Center, Boston University Amy Teller, Gulf Research Program, The Data Center | ||||||||||||||||||||
53 | C4 | 11:05 - 11:15 | Forest Regeneration as a Model for Teaching High School Ecology | Mary Ellen Newport Interlochen Center for the Arts @MENewport | Over the past three years, students at Interlochen Academy for the Arts (IAA) have worked with faculty, staff, community members and visiting ‘artists in residence’ to plan how to sustainably harvest wood and build infrastructure from an on-campus forest. This project shows how forestry management can be used to illustrate ecological principles to students at the high school level. IAA is situated on a 1200-acre forested campus in northern Michigan. A Forestry Management Plan conducted in 2016 suggested selective timbering and educational activities to restore portions of a pine plantation forest toward a native forest. Funding was secured from Wilsonart, and a series of art and forestry projects were implemented. These include selective timbering to minic forest gap dynamics, assessing tree seedling regrowth and migration, girdling planted Scotch pine, and monitoring pine park beetles and key indicator species such as the Pileated woodpecker. Students and guest artists have been inspired by the project, and numerous small and ambitious projects have been undertaken. During the 2019-20 school year, we collaborated with Pilot-Projects to create model bridges. Guest architect Scott Francisco and guest forester Sarah Wilson visited campus several times to direct the program. Students documented tree species in plots. They harvested small trees (hardwoods and planted pine), which were then used to create demonstration bridges. In March 2020, COVID cut short our plans and funding. We continue to use the Pilot-Project model to document forest re-growth, and illustrate biodiversity, interspecific interactions and carbon sequestration. Riley Woods is now a working forest. Small projects with specifications for timber that fit special projects fund the maintenance of the forest and continuing classroom activities. High school students really get to know their forest. They love to walk back to campus, they know to avoid the hornets’ nest over the path, and they know their directions. They know the privilege of loving trees, land, and maps. The freedom and inspiration they experience is expansive. This experience shows how powerful hands-on forest work can be to connect students to their environment, a model with the potential to be used in educational settings around the world. | Mary Ellen Newport Sarah J Wilson | ||||||||||||||||||||
54 | C5 | 11:15 - 11:25 | Social Equity Considerations for Cities' Relationship with Forests | Ayushi Trivedi World Resources Institute @ayushi3vedi | From distant rainforests to city parks, forests provide tremendous benefits to urban residents including cleaner air and water, resilience to climate change and improved health and well-being. However, it is known that these benefits are not distributed equitably and projects to re-green cities often ignore social equity issues, thereby exacerbating economic and social inequality. Actively integrating social equity considerations into projects and policies can mitigate unintended harm to vulnerable groups and ensure that the needs of the whole community are identified and addressed through participatory engagement. Our publication, the Cities4Forests Social Equity Learning Guide, helps cities integrate social equity considerations into their urban and peri-urban forests and nature-based solutions, providing the latest research and resources to train practitioners and policy makers in how to develop more inclusive and equitable projects. Drawing from secondary research consisting of a literature review and analysis of case-studies in the global north and south, the learning guide emphasizes the importance of designing equitable forest-related policies and plans, conducting meaningful stakeholder engagement, and providing equal employment opportunities to diverse groups in the workforce. For example, we delve into issues of land use for urban forests that may lead to displacement of poor residents or informal communities. Our case-studies also highlight the risk of green gentrification, which occurs when new environmental amenities fuel socioeconomic exclusion by transforming the neighborhood without addressing the needs and preferences of current residents. Our learning guide also describes ways that city or municipal governments’ political and financial support of ‘faraway’ forests can be an important way to mitigate climate change and promote social equity. City governments can foster equitable ecotourism programs and ensure the promotion of fair social standards in procurement of forest products. This learning guide is a rich resource for city decision makers, combining the latest literature, tools and methods to identify and tackle social equity issues in urban planning and forest management. It is just the first step in our efforts to meaningfully integrate a social equity lens in our work and track the social benefits of projects and policies. | Ayushi Trivedi*, Edith Juno**, John-Rob Pool*, Natalie Elwell*, Paige Langer*, Sabin Ray***, Terra Virsilas* * World Resources Institute (WRI) ** WRI at the time of publication, currently at National Wildlife Federation *** WRI at the time of publication, currently an MBA candidate at UC Berkeley, Haas School of Business | ||||||||||||||||||||
55 | Session D | 11:35 - 12:25 | Impacts of forest and livelihood interventions on food security | Chair: Cristy Watkins University of Michigan | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
56 | D1 | 11:40 - 11:50 | Forest Conservation, Rights, and Diets: Untangling the Issues | Terry Sunderland University of British Columbia @TCHSunderland | Recent research has highlighted the contributions of forests and tree-based systems to both dietary diversity and nutrition as well as agricultural production in the form of tree-based ecosystem services. Wild foods provide a significant nutritional contribution to the diets of rural dwellers, the majority of whom would be classified as some of the world's poorest. Yet, despite the important human-forest interactions and relative degrees of forest dependency, access to much of the global forest estate is increasingly regulated under the guise of biodiversity conservation. How this restricted access plays out when the “right to food” is a deeply enshrined human right has been deeply contested, particularly with regard to land annexation. This paper outlines the critical issues related to dietary diversity and nutrition in the context of the availability of wild foods juxtaposed with the growing call for the annexation of land for conservation. We suggest that a more integrated and equitable approach to land management that embraces both biodiversity conservation and broader food security and nutrition goals can provide multiple benefits, while mitigating local conflicts. As such, a rights-based approach to conservation and an embracing of broader landscape perspectives are possible strategies to achieve these seemingly conflicting agendas. | Terry Sunderland and Winy Vasquez | ||||||||||||||||||||
57 | D2 | 11:50 - 12:00 | Large differences in livelihood responses and outcomes to increased conservation enforcement in a forested protected area | Joel Persson University of Copenhagen | The interactions between forests, livelihoods and nature conservation efforts have been a central academic and policy concern for decades. Despite the popularity of conservation and development approaches to Protected Area (PA) management, adjacent communities increasingly face socio-environmental dilemmas in constructing their livelihoods. On the one hand, expanding markets for forest commodities can provide new income sources, but it also drives degradation and land clearing. On the other, PA interventions can introduce new livelihood opportunities through ecotourism, but often leads to resource enclosure through boundary demarcation and enforcement. In this paper, we examine how residents of Nam Et-Phou Louey (NEPL) national park in northern Lao PDR navigate such socio-environmental dilemmas. We employ a livelihood approach. Methodologically, we conduct a cluster analysis of survey data with 255 respondents to capture dominant livelihood portfolios, and compare resulting cluster groups on a number of variables representing capitals. We combine this with an analysis of 93 household interviews and data on context-specific conditions to examine how responses to NEPL interventions are mediated at the village level. Our results demonstrate that capacities to engage in market development and cope with park pressures are highly nuanced and location-dependent. The cluster analysis reveals five dominant livelihood portfolios with highly divergent capacities to respond to associated constraints and opportunities. The group with least capital access and dependent on NTFP sale for income, is found to be largely excluded from park activities and market processes. Market linkages, historical conservation interventions, and local access conditions are key determinants of livelihood portfolios and differences between villages. Access to productive agricultural land, communal grazing areas, and NTFP collection points are identified as important dimensions affecting livelihoods in the park. The study showcases an integrative approach to understanding park-livelihood interactions, yielding a nuanced picture of how global nature conservation efforts result in an uneven distribution of costs and benefits at local scales. We argue that conservation measures must account for highly divergent capacities to cope with loss of environmental access and diversify livelihoods to be sustainable and just. | Mr Joel Persson, University of Copenhagen Professor Ole Mertz, University of Copenhagen Professor Jonas Nielsen, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Dr Thoumthone Vongvisouk, National University of Laos, Mr Anousith Keophoxay, Independent, Mr Scott Ford, University of Copenhagen | ||||||||||||||||||||
58 | D3 | 12:00 - 12:10 | The Impacts of Agroforestry Interventions on Agricultural Productivity, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-Being in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review | Sarah Brown University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign @sarahebrown12 | Agroforestry is widely touted as a means to help meet the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. Governments, NGOs, and donors have made significant investments to develop and promote a range of agroforestry policies and programs in low- and middle-income countries (L&MICs) worldwide. While a large body of literature on the impacts of agroforestry practices in L&MICs is available, the social-ecological impacts of agroforestry interventions is less well-studied. We address this important knowledge gap through a systematic review of available evidence on the impacts of agroforestry interventions in L&MICs on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Based on a systematic search, we identified eight quasi-experimental impact evaluations. We found a large, positive effect of agroforestry interventions on agricultural yields, on average, but the results were highly heterogeneous. Intervention effects on income were significant but smaller in magnitude, with little heterogeneity. Positive or neutral income effects are associated with either (a) increased yields providing additional income, or (b) incentive payments offsetting the losses associated with decreased yields. Few studies considered the impacts of agroforestry interventions on nutrition and food security or environmental outcomes; however, the existing evidence suggests that there are likely positive or neutral impacts on these outcomes. Overall, rigorous evidence of the impacts of agroforestry interventions remains very limited, restricting our ability to draw conclusions on the effect sizes of different intervention types. The evidence base we review here forms a baseline for future research and highlights the importance of considering equity as well as context-specific biophysical and socio-economic factors for determining suitable intervention design. Key implications of our review for practice and policy include investing in programs that begin with pilot programs, integrating support for evaluation in to project design (especially for randomized controlled trials), and emphasizing equity issues, such as targeting to smallholders, women, the poor, and marginalized groups. | Sarah E. Brown (1), Daniel C. Miller (1), Pablo J. Ordonez (2), Kathy Baylis (2), Karl Hughes (3) (1) Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (2) Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (3) World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya | ||||||||||||||||||||
59 | D4 | 12:10 - 12:20 | Assessing multidimensional sustainability: Lessons from Brazil’s social protection programs | Johan Oldekop Global Development Institute, The University of Manchester @madasascientist | Examining linkages among multiple sustainable development outcomes is key for understanding sustainability transitions. Yet rigorous evidence on social and environmental outcomes of sustainable development policies remains scarce. We conduct a national-level analysis of Brazil’s flagship social protection program, Zero Hunger (ZH), which aims to reduce food insecurity and poverty. Using data from rural municipalities across Brazil and quasi-experimental causal inference techniques, we assess relationships between social protection investment and outcomes related to sustainable development goals (SDGs): "no poverty" (SDG 1), "zero hunger" (SDG 2), and "health and well being" (SDG 3). We also assess potential perverse outcomes arising from agricultural development impacting "climate action" (SDG 13) and "life on land" (SDG 15) via clearance of natural vegetation. Despite increasing daily per capita protein and kilocalorie production, summed ZH investment did not alleviate child malnutrition or infant mortality and negligibly influenced multidimensional poverty. Higher investment increased natural vegetation cover in some biomes but increased losses in the Cerrado and especially the Pampa. Effects varied substantially across subprograms. Conditional cash transfer (Bolsa Familia [BF]) was mainly associated with nonbeneficial impacts but increased protein production and improved educational participation in some states. The National Program to Strengthen Family Farming (PRONAF) was typically associated with increased food production (protein and calories), multidimensional poverty alleviation, and changes in natural vegetation. Our results inform policy development by highlighting successful elements of Brazil’s ZH program, variable outcomes across divergent food security dimensions, and synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development goals, including environmental protection. | Cecilie Dyngeland (Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield), Johan A Oldekop (Global Development Institute, The University of Manchester), Karl L Evans (Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield) | ||||||||||||||||||||
60 | D5 | 12:20 - 12:30 | Assessing the Socio-Ecological Aspects of “Food Estate” Program in Central Kalimantan Peatland | Alma Adventa University of Palangka Raya @AdventaAlma | Recently Indonesian government has selected ex-Mega Rice Project (MRP) area in Central Kalimantan Province to become a location for the National Strategic Program, yet very short-planned programme, “Food Estate”, to boost national rice and other crops supplies for the country. This area of 1.4 million hectares of peatland and forest area had been partly degraded by the failed MRP which was also not well planned paying no regard to the scientific advice. The massive peat degradation has led to recurring fires with smokes and flooding in the area resulting in the high economic, health and environmental costs. The area planned for the new “Food Estate” programme is covering 770.600 hectares of agricultural land, protected forests and peat domes. This study aims to analyse the fitting of the “Food Estate” programme to the regulations related to peatland management and to conduct ecosystem services valuation namely carbon emission (regulating) and water storage (provisioning) of the protected forest and peatland designated for the “Food Estate”. By overlaying the proposed “Food Estate” area with peat distribution map at the same area, the total carbon emission is calculated based on the 0.7 meter water table depth, the average depth normally applied in palm oil plantations. Likewise the water storage loss is also estimated by the loss of peat due to compaction and oxidation. We found that the “Food Estate” seems not to fit well with the current peatland policies and regulations and may contribute to hundreds megatons of carbon emissions and water storage loss within 25 years, not to mention the loss of biodiversity, forest products and services and the community livelihoods. Therefore the “Food Estate” programme should be re-evaluated in order to avoid further loss on socio-ecological aspects. | Alma Adventa Faculty of Engineering, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: alma.oceandy@gmail.com Saritha Kittie Uda Biology Study Program, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: sarithauda@fkip.upr.ac.id Fatkhurohman Independent Researcher Jalan C. Bangas Gang Buntu 3A Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Email: fatkhurohman@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||||||
61 | BREAK | 12:30 - 1:00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Session E | 1:00 - 1:35 | Poverty and prosperity in forested landscapes | Chair: Reem Hajjar Oregon State University | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
63 | E1 | 1:05 - 1:15 | Global Bright Spots of Green Growth | Jonah Busch Earth Innovation Institute @jonahbusch | Most nations claim to seek both economic growth and improvement in environmental quality. Dozens of international policy declarations aim to reconcile economic and environmental goals (Otero et al., Conservation Letters, 2020), including the Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015). ]Economic growth often occurs at the expense of environmental quality, but there are exceptions. Four non-mutually exclusive theories can explain the co-occurrence of economic growth and environmental improvement: 1) income: the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) posits that income growth is initially associated with environmental deterioration, but that environmental quality improves after some threshold of income-per-capita is surpassed; 2) industry: some industries actively increase ecosystems and their services, or are compatible with the sustained provision of ecosystems and their services; 3) sectoral substitution: growth in sectors that have relatively small or moderate environmental footprints can divert investment capital and labor away from more intensively polluting or extractive industries; 4) policy: economic growth from any source can be accompanied by parallel public policies that directly protect and restore ecosystems. Here, we identify 50 areas of the world where economic growth and environmental improvement co-occurred from 2000-2010, using night lights as a proxy for economic growth and forest cover as a proxy for environmental quality. We term areas that experienced exceptional improvement (>95th percentile) within their world region on both indicators as “bright spots.” We then test whether the presence of bright spots is consistent with higher-than-regional-average levels of income (GDP per capita); industry (area of tree plantations); sectoral substitution (non-agricultural sectors as share of GDP); and policy (protected areas). Regions of exceptional environmental degradation have rightly been the focus of much study, e.g. the landmark “hotspots” of biodiversity loss (Myers et al., Nature, 2000). Bright spots of environmental and economic improvement have been less studied, but are worthy of scholarly inquiry as well. Understanding where and why “bright spots” have emerged offers positive examples for policy makers and planners around the world seeking green growth. Showcasing positive examples is especially important for “reimagining forests and livelihoods in turbulent times.” Our study is well suited for the conference sub-theme on “poverty/prosperity.” | Jonah Busch, Earth Innovation Institute Oyut Amarjargal, Earth Innovation Institute | ||||||||||||||||||||
64 | E2 | 1:15 - 1:25 | Co-producing knowledge: a demand-led, prosperity-focused, research agenda with forest and farm producer organisations (FFPOs). | Jack Covey University of Edinburgh @JCovey95 | Forest and Farm Producer Organisations (FFPOs - collectives of smallholder farmers formed for a variety of economic, social, and environmental reasons) deliver prosperity to farmers and make internationally significant contributions to the SDGs. The provision of these benefits by FFPOs is currently inhibited by several gaps in FFPO knowledges, which are only being widened by increasing social, environmental, and economic uncertainties. As mainstream methods of knowledge production have shown limited ability to overcome these gaps, we explore the nature of FFPO knowledge gaps and assess how best to fill them. We use a knowledge demand survey approach to identify the diverse visions of prosperity pursued by 48 FFPOs in 6 countries and highlight the knowledge gaps that impair their delivery of prosperity. Our analysis of survey result shows a) FFPOs are highly heterogeneous organisations that require diversified support to meet their knowledge needs; b) co-productive methodologies are uniquely placed to fill FFPO knowledge gaps as they can integrate existing FFPO ideas of locally appropriate solutions, overcome challenges of conventional knowledge products, and facilitate communication between stakeholders; c) co-productive methodologies offer a potential pathway to helping FFPOs deliver livelihood and landscape resilience in the face of social, environmental, and economic uncertainty; and d) different FFPO knowledge needs should be addressed by co-production with different tier FFPOs, ensuring action is taken at the appropriate scale. We highlight the potential of co-productive methodologies to enable FFPO delivery of diverse smallholder visions of prosperity and contribution to the SDGs, which necessitates a shift in research practice within academic and development sectors. There must be movement away from rigid, short-term, outsider-led interventions that parachute in a-contextual ‘best-practices’, towards more open-ended, pluralistic, context-sensitive, and FFPO-led modes of knowledge co-production. We reflect on our own experiences to detail a stepwise process, which should be adapted to various implementation contexts, for delivering co-production with FFPOs and outline the current structural roadblocks to the widespread adoption of co-productive methods. We posit that the successful and widespread adoption of co-production with FFPOs would be invaluable in the pursuit of prosperous forest livelihoods and environments. | Jack Covey, Duncan Macqueen, Anna Bolin, Xiaoting Hou Jones | ||||||||||||||||||||
65 | E3 | 1:25 - 1:35 | The number and spatial distribution of forest-proximate people globally | Peter Newton University of Colorado Boulder @newton_pete | Organizations that support forest conservation and sustainable development projects around the world are interested in understanding how many people live within or near to forests, in order to prioritize and target funding and to measure the impacts of their projects on people’s lives. Yet there are no rigorous, global data on the number of people living within or near to forests. Forest landscapes are complex socio-environmental systems. The degree to which forests support human livelihoods, and humans affect forest ecology, depends in part on the spatial relationship between people and forests. We estimated the number of people who live in and around forests globally. We combined forest cover and human population density data to map the spatial relationship between people and forests on a global scale in 2000 and 2012. Globally, 1.6 billion rural people lived within 5km of a forest in 2012. Of these, 64.5% lived in tropical countries and 71.3% lived in low-income, lower-middle-income, or upper-middle-income countries. We propose the term ‘forest-proximate people’ to refer to people who live in and around forests. Forest proximity is related to, but not synonymous with, forest dependency. Our research provides concrete, global estimates and maps of places where people and forests coexist. Our findings have implications for researchers and decision-makers interested in forest conservation, forest livelihoods, and sustainable socio-economic development in communities in and around forests. In turbulent times, it is arguably more necessary than ever to be informed by data and evidence about how best to support conservation and sustainable development objectives. | Peter Newton, University of Colorado Boulder Andrew T. Kinzer, Eden Reforestation Projects Daniel C. Miller, University of Illinois Johan A. Oldekop, University of Manchester Arun Agrawal, University of Michigan | ||||||||||||||||||||
66 | E4 | 1:35 - 1:45 | On the participation-to-conservation pathway? A case of community-based forest management | Rachel S Friedman Climate Change Institute, The Australian National University @YumMusings | Community management of forests has often been touted as an attractive alternative approach to protected areas for sustaining healthy forest ecosystems, in a way that is fair and improves livelihoods for local people. It follows the common assumption that if people feel ownership over, have a voice in decisions about, and can benefit from surrounding forests, then they will be motivated to maintain and protect them. Yet even community-based forest management (CFM) may not always point to clearly positive results for involvement in decision-making and forest conservation. A recent community forest policy in Indonesia adopts this framework, outlining key objectives of improved forest management, local livelihoods, and community engagement. To better understand whether these positive relationships manifest in the CFM program, we carried out a household survey in case study villages in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We analyzed the relationships between the presence of CFM, procedural fairness and participation in local decision-making, support for sustainable management of forest resources, and indicators of household well-being. Our results show that the presence of a community forest does not necessarily have a positive association with the level of participation in village decision-making nor respondents’ support for forest conservation. However, well-being indicators were positively associated with more active participation. The level of support for forest conservation was also positively related to a households’ membership in village institutions and level of well-being. These findings add some nuance to the mantra of community management for equitable and effective forest conservation. This study highlights how existing contextual factors, particularly household prosperity and positions of leadership, are important considerations when determining the decision-making institutions for forest management. Accounting for these factors can help address existing social inequalities, which may influence whether community-based forest management is considered fair and equitable, as well as a positive force for the conservation and sustainable management of forest resources. | Rachel S. Friedman, Climate Change Institute, The Australian National University (Presenter); Jonathan R. Rhodes, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland; Angela J. Dean, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology; Elizabeth A. Law, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA); Truly Santika, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich; Sugeng Budiharta, Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI); Joseph A. Hutabarat, Fauna & Flora International - Indonesia Programme; Tito P. Indrawan, Fauna & Flora International - Indonesia Programme; Ahmad Kusworo, The Nature Conservancy - Indonesia Programme; Erik Meijaard, Borneo Futures; Freya A.V. St. John, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University; Matthew J. Struebig, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; Kerrie A. Wilson, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology | ||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Session F | 1:55 - 2:30 | Large scale land use in Indonesia | Chair: Reem Hajjar Oregon State University | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
68 | F1 | 2:00 - 2:10 | Land cover and Land Control Change at the Local Scale in Indonesia | Jackie Dean University of Hawaii at Manoa @JackieD504 | The push to develop regional, national, and even global-scale studies of land change in the tropics often obscures the localized directions and implications of change and/or how such changes are enabled by underlying shifts in the terms of land control. This is true despite ongoing efforts to develop publicly available datasets on government and corporate claims to land. This study addresses this gap in an emerging oil palm frontier in Indonesia, mapping the expansion of oil palm, roads, and associated changes in land cover and control in Besulutu district, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Oil palm and roads were hand digitized from 2002 to 2017 using high resolution Planet SkySat and QuickBird imagery. These data were then compared to datasets on state and corporate land claims obtained in person in Southeast Sulawesi as well as ethnographic data collected over six months between 2018-2020. Synthesizing across these data, we find that while publicly available datasets on state and corporate land claims indicate no change in land control in Besulutu district since 2010, there has been a 1,925 hectare expansion in oil palm in the district since 2011 driven primarily by corporate land acquisitions of village-claimed land. This expansion has corresponded with a 91.6% increase since 2011. We also find that 15.6% of oil palm expansion overlaps with existing mining concessions. Finally, we highlight the spatially and temporally uneven nature of corporate land acquisitions and clearances, showing that while 84.4% of total oil palm clearings seen in 2020 imagery occurred between 2011-2012 via land transactions with major village and district land holders, expansion over the period 2013-2019 has been defined by smaller land acquisitions and conversions at the edges of existing clearances. These findings illustrate the important omissions in existing regional and global datasets while extending an understanding of the spatially and temporally uneven nature of shifting land cover and control in tropical forest frontiers. They also reiterate the significance of road expansion as a driver of land change in commodity frontiers. | Jackie Dean, University of Hawaii Manoa Armadina Azra, Andika Nur Perkasa, Agung Prabowo, Ininnawa Community Lisa C. Kelley, University of Colorado, Denver | ||||||||||||||||||||
69 | F2 | 2:10 - 2:20 | Opportunities and barriers to smallholder inclusion under zero-deforestation commitments | Michael Eggen University of California, Santa Barbara @eggs_ante | Zero-Deforestation commitments are proliferating in supply chains of tropical commodities. As large agricultural conglomerates implement their pledges, they are developing new programs and outreach to engage with smallholder farmers to promote sustainable livelihoods and prevent leakage. In the oil palm landscapes of Indonesia, we find that there is a spatial separation between smallholder oil palm and palm oil mills with zero deforestation commitments. We discuss possible reasons for this pattern, and illustrate shortcomings in the ways implementation mechanisms approach smallholder inclusion, including the fraught task of certifying smallholder oil palm farmer groups. Then, we identify opportunities to engage communities in active protection of forest patches that could connect across broader landscapes. In order to transition towards just and sustainable supply chains, we propose a shift in conceptualization from certified production of a single commodity to multi-commodity ‘zero-deforestation communities’. The unique lessons learned from the oil palm case have application to other tropical plantation commodities and their supply chains. | Michael Eggen, University of California, Santa Barbara Kim Carlson, New York University Robert Heilmayr, University of California, Santa Barbara | ||||||||||||||||||||
70 | F3 | 2:20 - 2:30 | “There is no way out”: A West Kalimantan community’s experience of managing climate change, forest transformation, and policy constraints | Anastasia Voronkova University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health @Ana_Voronkova | Indonesian rainforests are an important element of the world ecosystem and a home to more than 80 million people. These people depend on rainforest natural resources and land availability and accessibility for their sustenance and income. However, climate change and rapid acceleration of industrial resources extraction has led to multiple communities having to change and adapt their ways of living. Between 2001-2019 Indonesia lost 17% (26.8 Mha) of all its tree coverage, while industrial monoculture plantations increased exponentially. Multiple communities found their livelihoods options increasingly constrained both by loss of land to private companies, and the effects of deforestation including soil degradation, intensified climate change and loss of wildlife. This study offers findings from a mixed methods research conducted in West Kalimantan. We used focus groups and a questionnaire (N=300) to investigate how much control members of a rainforest agricultural community had over managing and adapting to multiple natural and policy-born constraints. The findings show how the intense combination of climate change and outside pressures can make people struggle to cope with the occurring changes in any sustainable way. Lack of rain, deforestation, and salinization of freshwater sources affected community members’ health, wellbeing, and livelihoods. In turn, their adaptation attempts were limited by the governmental restrictions on clearing the farming land and by a palm-oil company claiming part of the forest. The participants experienced extreme uncertainty and lack of control and felt like their livelihoods were hindered without any meaningful alternative provided to them. People-centered research is important for understanding the on-ground constraints communities face that are often not recognized in the official policy. It is especially true in case of Indonesia, where several previous studies have recorded a distinct lack of attention to people’s circumstances in official policy designs. Our case-study fits into the wider picture of rapid forest transformation with little consideration given to the specifics or involvement of local communities. Such case-studies can give an insight into people’s lived experiences and be used to better adapt relevant interventions and management practices to achieve realistic successes rather than solitary short-time developments. | Anastasia Voronkova (University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health) Radisti Praptiwi (Centre for Sustainable Energy and Resources Management, Universitas Nasional) Adam Miller (Planet Indonesia) Putri Damatashia (Planet Indonesia) Karyn Morrissey (University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health) | ||||||||||||||||||||
71 | Tuesday, Oct 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | SESSION | TIME (EDT) | TITLE | PRESENTER | ||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | TC Welcome | 9:00 - 9:05 | Chair: FLARE Secretariat | |||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | Session G: Plenary 2 | 9:05 - 9:25 | Transformational change: of what and for whom? | Anne Larson CIFOR @CIFOR | ||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | Session H | 9:35 - 10:20 | Understanding the complex livelihoods of small-scale producers in Central Kalimantan. Scientific challenges and implications for development and conservation initiatives. | Chair: J.T. Erbaugh Dartmouth University | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
77 | H1 | 9:40 - 9:50 | Reviewing Political and Cultural Fit of Peatland Governance in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | Alma Adventa University of Palangka Raya @AdventaAlma | For thousands of years tropical forest and peatland have played an important role in carbon sequestration, maintaining a stable global climate, supporting animal and plant life and sustaining livelihoods. About 3-8 gigatons of carbon are stored in 2.6 million hectares of tropical peat in Central Kalimantan an area which houses more than 2 million people many of whom rely on local land resources for their livelihood. The introduction of the failed Mega Rice Project (MRP) in 1995 involved developing 1.4 million hectares of peatland for rice fields (via clearance and drainage), and increased the areas human populations. This resulted in considerable environmental degradation and the area has changed from carbon sink to carbon source. The Indonesian Government has enacted a number of policies and regulations to better manage its vast amount of tropical peatland, yet the degradation and conversion of the peatlands still continues. This study analyses the political and cultural fit of four Indonesian regulations related to peatland use and the livelihoods and characteristics of peatland users in Central Kalimantan. We reviewed the Indonesian legal policies and regulations on peatland use and management and conducted questionnaires and interviews with peatland users and policy makers in order to understand their practices and incentives in relation to the implementation of the regulations. Using a framework for assessing the degrees of fit between the rule creators and adopters for peatland management, this study shows that the degrees of political and cultural fit of Indonesian peatland regulations are low to moderate. Many peatland users are insufficiently aware of the regulations and traditional land management managing practioces play an important role in users’ behaviours. The lack of socialisation on the contents of the regulations and alternatives for peatland best practices, and the lack of field monitoring and enforcement are important causes of non-compliance with the regulations. There is a need to understand local characteristics and relationships between the farmers and their land in order for the regulations to be effective. However, we also noticed that local government and NGOs attempt to address this through processes of fitting. | S. K. Uda Biology Study Program, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: sarithauda@fkip.upr.ac.id A. Adventa Faculty of Engineering, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: alma.oceandy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||||||
78 | H2 | 9:50 - 10:00 | Assessment of paludiculture and low-drainage food crops in supporting livelihoods while preventing peatland degradation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | Saritha Uda Univerity of Palangkaraya @sarithakittie | Current livelihood practices on peatland in Indonesia are mainly drainage-based which results in high fire risks, CO2 emissions, soil subsidence and the loss of biodiversity. This study investigates the potential of paludiculture crops that do not require drainage and other crops with minimum drainage to prevent further degradation of peatlands in Indonesia. Focusing on food crops, we compare various species commonly grown with no drainage (paludiculture) or drainage below 50 cm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia and assess them in terms of sustainability, profitability, scalability of the market and acceptability to farmers. Based on the aggregated scores for these criteria, Our results show that sago (Metroxylon sagu), banana (Musa paradisiaca) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) followed by water spinach/kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), kelakai/edible fern (Stenochlaena palustris), illipe nut/tengkawang (Shorea spp.), dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and sweet melon/melon (Cucumis melo) are the best options to address combined livelihood and conservation objectives (but precaution should be taken when planting crops that require low drainage). In terms of sustainability and scalability of market, sago palm and illipe nut have the highest scores whereas banana, pineapple and sweet melon have the highest scores in term of the scalability of market and acceptability to farmers. Some key opportunities and bottlenecks for the development of paludiculture food crops and recommendations for the implementation of paludiculture in Indonesian peatland livelihoods are discussed. | S. K. Uda Biology Study Program, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: sarithauda@fkip.upr.ac.id L. Hein Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen, University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: lars.hein@wur.nl A. Adventa Faculty of Engineering, University of Palangka Raya | ||||||||||||||||||||
79 | H3 | 10:00 - 10:10 | Livelihood as Assemblage In Kalimantan: How members of small farming communities assemble the elements of daily life in communities in Indonesian Borneo | Patrick O'Reilly University of Leicester @Patrick43114459 | This paper outlines findings from a study of the livelihoods of farming communities relocated to forested areas in Central Kalimantan employing an assemblage lens. It then summarizes key study findings and considers their importance for community wellbeing and restoration/conservation policy. Livelihood approaches are increasingly used in studying the relationship between livelihood and environment. Criticisms of such approaches exist include concerns that the approach may focus on livelihood practices to the exclusion of wider issues of power, questions concerning the extent to which the findings from individual studies can be “scaled up”, and the instrumental nature of the approach which may not adequately account for the role of agency and identity. In this paper we propose an alternative approach to livelihood. We take as our starting point the idea that livelihood involves the reproduction of meaningful social life involving socio-cultural as well as economic dimensions and is a dynamic, emergent process. This process involves practices during which actors (re)assemble heterogenous objects into a livelihood assemblage. We apply this conceptual framework to study livelihood of communities of migrants farming in Central Kalimantan. Mixed methods involving sample survey, extended interviews, group exercises and observation to were employed to produce an account of households’ livelihood assemblage. The analysis confirms that these communities’ understandings of the environment differs significantly to those of indigenous communities. There is a high level of variation in household livelihoods linked to the availability of a wide combination of on an off-farm income stream. Livelihood are flexible, actors have the capacity to assess new threats and opportunities and develop responses which are highly individualized. The outcome is local livelihood strategies displaying a significant degree of diversity which cannot be accounted for through a simple analysis of livelihood assets and enabling institutions. The work draws attention to the role of knowledge and socio-cultural dimension in the production/reproduction of livelihood. We conclude by pointing to the significance of these these factors for policy making and implementation both to understand how livelihoods are developed and maintained and also in designing effective interventions. | Patrick O'Reilly, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, UK. Caroline Upton, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, UK. Sue Page, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, UK. Adi Jaya, University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, Emmy Antang, University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, Corry Antang, University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sofie Sjorgesten University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, Jonay, Jovani Sancho, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Paul Wilson, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Neil Crout, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, Chris Evans, CEH, Bangor United Kingdom, Gust Anshari, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, West Kalimantan. | ||||||||||||||||||||
80 | H4 | 10:10 - 10:20 | Towards biocultural approaches to peatland conservation: The case for fish and livelihoods in Indonesia | Sara Thornton University of Leicester @Thornton_SA | Conservation projects are likely to fail if plans to preserve important wildlife habitats and species are not co-developed between conservation organisations and local communities to reflect the needs and diverse values of the latter. Tropical peatland conservation represents a case in point: local community livelihoods have only recently come into focus, particularly within academic literature. Instead, many previous studies emphasise the need to conserve intact peat swamp forests for their carbon storage, as a habitat for flagship species such as the orangutan, and to provide fire-free landscapes. Here, we explore the socio-environmental issues being faced in the peatland landscapes of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. This includes the loss of peat-swamp forest, decreases in peatland fish populations and related socio-cultural challenges such as potential loss of fishing livelihoods along with historic and continued experiences of marginalisation of indigenous communities. To find solutions to these complex and interrelated problems, an interdisciplinary approach which focuses on interdependencies and includes multiple worldviews is required. We propose an approach which deploys both Ethan Miller’s use of livelihoods (incl. Miller, 2019) and biocultural approaches to conservation to analyse human-nonhuman relationships, with a focus on fish and fishing livelihoods. We draw on data from in-depth social and ecological research in two village communities in Central Kalimantan, and in so doing illustrate how fish conservation has the potential to support important biocultural and livelihood relationships between human and nonhuman communities in peatland areas. Our findings lend support to previous calls for biocultural approaches to conservation in other socio-ecological contexts, and lead us to conclude that tropical peatland conservation initiatives that integrate such approaches will result in improved outcomes for peatlands, forests, biodiversity and people. These findings will be relevant to other tropical peatland areas with high dependence on fishing as a source of livelihood, such as the peatlands of the Amazon and Congo basins. | Sara A. Thornton, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leciester,Borneo Nature Foundation International, Tremough Innovation Centre, Penryn, Cornwall, UK. Erna Setiana, Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Kris Yoyo, Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Dudin, e Yayasan Borneo Nature Indonesia, Jl. Bukit Raya No. 17, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Yulintine, Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Mark E. Harrison Borneo Nature Foundation International, Tremough Innovation Centre, Penryn, Cornwall, UK. , Susan E. Page,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Borneo Nature Foundation International, Tremough Innovation Centre, Penryn, Cornwall, UK. . Caroline Upton, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Lecester | ||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Session I | 10:30 - 11:25 | Climate action | Chair: J.T. Erbaugh Dartmouth University | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
82 | I1 | 10:35 - 10:45 | Learning from Adaptive Collaborative Management: A participatory tool to support adaptive and reflective learning in multi-stakeholder forums | Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti Center for International Forestry Research @JuanPaSarmiento | As interest grows in supporting multi-stakeholder forums (MSFs) as part of wider climate action, it is important to understand how to support their potential for more equitable processes and outcomes. Given the interest and investment on MSFs, and recognising the equity challenges they face, the Center for International Forestry Research carried out mixed methods research with participants and non-participants to 14 subnational MSFs that dealt with forest and land-use issues in Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Peru. We found that although much optimism is placed on MSFs, their organizers believed their forums fostered equity simply by inviting more actors to the table and thus placed little effort on addressing the power inequalities between their participants. As a result, many indigenous and local community representatives stopped participating. Recognising this challenge, and collaborating with forum organizers and participants, we identified the need for a tool to allow the former to monitor and reflect on their forums. In this presentation we discuss the experience of the participatory development and implementation of ‘How are we doing?’, an adaptive and reflective learning tool for more equitable MSFs. Taking lessons from Adaptive Collaborative Management (ACM), we developed the tool as a reflective and adaptive learning tool rather than a mainstream monitoring tool. Our tool builds upon ACM’s conscious effort for collaboration, negotiation co-learning, and of adapting a group’s work based on the results of these processes, as well as adaptive management’s ‘philosophy that knowledge is incomplete and much of what we think we know is actually wrong’ (Allen et al. 2011: 1339). Our presentation synthesises the research findings that took to tool development, the tool’s development process, and the effort to expand ACM into participatory monitoring and evaluation. Given the nature of the tool, we also problematize the idea of ‘unbiased’ monitoring methods that downplay the differences in stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of participation. We propose that enabling forum participants and organizers to address power relations through tools that respond to their priorities, needs and local realities, is central to support the potential of MSFs for more equitable and inclusive climate action. | 1. Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti, PhD - Center for International Forestry Research 2. Anne M Larson, PhD - Center for International Forestry Research | ||||||||||||||||||||
83 | I2 | 10:45 - 10:55 | Joint Carbon supply and Sequestration: Reimagining Africa's Forests Potential for Climate Action | Ernest Molua University of Buea @emolua | Few economic assessments on carbon supply and sequestration have been done on Africa's forests. This study attempts to fill this gap using Cameroon within the Congo Basin forest as case study. Beyond the direct provision of wood, the country's forests within the Congo basin play different roles in the carbon cycle, from net emitters to net sinks of carbon, and possibly stand to benefit from the emerging global carbon market. This study examines a carbon supply model and reveals that in the short-run sequestration potential increases with rise in expected carbon revenues, forest density and government expenditures for better management of the forest sector. Increases in wood prices, fossil fuel price, timber harvest and consumption potentials have negative and statistically significant effects on carbon supply. In the long-run, wood price and forest expenditure have a positive effect on carbon supply. These results have interesting implications for carbon policy for both Cameroon and other developing countries in the sub-continent. Policy will have to address broad-ranged socioeconomic and political impediments for the promotion of carbon supply and sequestration. | Ernest L. Molua Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon. Tel: (+237) 699.49.43.93; Fax: (+237) 33.32.22.72; E-mail: emolua@cidrcam.org / emolua@yahoo.com | ||||||||||||||||||||
84 | I3 | 10:55 - 11:05 | Quantifying and attributing land use-induced emissions to biomass consumption: A critical assessment of existing approaches | Manan Bhan Institute for Social Ecology, Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU) @maybeEcosystems | The production of biomass-based commodities (for example, oil palm and beef) generates land use impacts in the form of carbon emissions due to changes in ecosystem carbon stocks. These emissions are commonly referred to as Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) emissions, since they originate from land use activities. Recently, consumption-based accounting (CBA) approaches have emerged as alternatives to conventional production-based accounts, quantifying FOLU emissions associated with biomass consumption, for example, of particular territories. However, the quantification and allocation of FOLU emissions to individual biomass products, a fundamental part of consumption-based approaches, is a complex endeavour. Existing studies make diverging methodological choices, which are rarely critically discussed. In this study, we provide a structured overview of existing consumption-based approaches which estimate FOLU emissions. We cluster the literature in a two-by-two grid, distinguishing the primary element under investigation (impacts of changing consumption patterns in a region vs. impacts of consumption on production landscapes) and the analytical lens (prospective vs retrospective). Further, we identify three distinct dimensions which characterise the way in which different studies allocate FOLU emissions to biomass products: the choice of reference system and their spatial and temporal scales. Finally, we identify three frontiers that require future attention: (1) overcoming structural biases which underestimate FOLU emissions from territories that experienced deforestation in the distant past, (2) explicitly tackling the interdependence of proximate causes and ultimate drivers of land use change, and (3) assessing uncertainties and understanding the effects of land management. In this way, we enable a critical assessment of appropriate methods, support a nuanced interpretation of results from particular approaches as well as enhance the informative value of consumption-based approaches related to FOLU emissions. Our analysis contributes to discussions on sustainable land use practices with respect to biomass consumption and has implications for informing climate action in scenarios where consumption-based approaches are adopted in practice. | Institution 1: Institute for Social Ecology, Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), Vienna (Austria). Manan Bhan, Simone Gingrich, Nicolas Roux, Julia Le Noë, Sarah Matej and Karl-Heinz Erb. Institution 2: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main (Germany). Thomas Kastner and Florian Schwarzmueller. | ||||||||||||||||||||
85 | 14 | 11:05 - 11:15 | Quantifying and attributing land use-induced emissions to biomass consumption: A critical assessment of existing approaches | Nabintu Ntugulo Congo Basin Water Resources Research Center, University of Kinshasa @NABINTUFRANCIN2 | Water, wetlands and ecological systems role in sustaining lives and shaping culture, socio-economic activities, and environmental balance is well known. Lesser known are issues of access, ownership, rights and (in)justice that loom large in the daily lives of vulnerable communities. Based on this narrative, this case study, part of the project “Addressing climate and water driven migration and conflict inter-linkages to build Community Resilience in the Congo Basin “(2018-2021) assesses human migration and its impacts on biodiversity conservation and wetlands management, in the settings of conflict in the Epulu-Ituri-Aru-Garamba-Uelé region of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methodology -multisectoral approach framework based on field data survey (2019) used to analyse interlinkages between climate change-natural resources-migration-conflicts. Collection of data employed stratified random sampling, focus group discussions, stakeholders’ interviews and analysis SWOT/content analysis, SPSS and R tools to illustrate the risks factors influencing the spatio-temporal patterns of migration flows in the region. The results show socio-cultural, economic, ecological, political and security factors interlinking with typology of migration i.e divided into 4 categories [economic/labor) migration, forced migration (internal), refugees and climatic/environmental migration]. Key highlights: (a) multiple factors influence the decision to migrate for example close to 41% of migrants seek stability; >35% seek security; (b) water pollution mentioned as central to the degradation of forest, lake and river ecosystems in the region along with poaching and illegal exploitation of natural resources, particularly deforestation (>60%) adding to the risk and resulting in biodiversity loss, encroachment of herds of pastoralists in protected; (c) > 60% respondents) state that migration decision is influenced by access to land and water resources, competing and conflicting use of these resources and by interlinkage’s with food, water and energy (fuel wood) insecurity. The study calls management solutions that account local initiatives and indigenous knowledge and value systems stating that participatory approaches through awareness-raising, water treatment techniques, securing and protecting biodiversity as well as traditional practices can serve effective in the management of risks (vulnerability) for local and migrant communities. A joint sustainable strategy for integrated water and wetland resources management and gender-specific adaptation at the landscape level is suggested. | *Nabintu Ntugulo, **Nidhi Nagabhatla, *Raphael Tshimanga and **Caner Sayan *CRREBaC (Congo Basin Water Resources Research Center http://crrebac.org/en/) University of Kinshasa, D R Congo **United Nations University (UNU-INWEH) Institute for Water, Environment and Health , 204-175 Longwood Road South Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1 CANADA | ||||||||||||||||||||
86 | Session J | 11:25 - 12:10 | Forest restoration insights | Chair: J.T. Erbaugh Dartmouth University | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
87 | J1 | 11:30 - 11:40 | What makes farms feasible for forests? Prioritizing for property-level forest landscape restoration in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil | Rayna Benzeev University of Colorado Boulder @benzeev_rayna | Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is recognized as a promising solution for climate change, biodiversity, and forest livelihoods, yet there is limited evidence on the spatial locations where restoration is most likely to succeed. In contrast to most studies on restoration prioritization, which have focused on either coarser (e.g. global) or finer (e.g. individual plot) scales, in this study we measured forest change at the landscape scale, which matches the scale at which restoration decision-making often takes place. We tested the relationships between restoration, property size, and forest cover, for 8158 properties between 1985-2018 in southern Bahia, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Using a spatially explicit model, we considered property sizes, spatial locations of properties, and forest cover as property-level predictors of forest change. We found that larger properties and properties with less existing forest cover had the most restoration. Our results indicate that FLR policies could be meaningfully directed towards properties of a range of different sizes. Although larger properties may have the most potential for future FLR per property, smaller properties are in aggregate just as important contributors to the area of land restored due to their quantity. We suggest that FLR decision-makers consider the different needs of large and small landholders as part of restoration policy, adjusting the way that FLR is implemented on these properties depending on the socio-environmental and biophysical context of each. Our spatial analysis techniques assist in improving broader understanding of possible ways to prioritize for FLR according to property size and forest cover at the landscape scale, and could later be applied to other socio-environmental tropical forest systems. This research will also support decision-makers in identifying and prioritizing sites that can be prioritized for restoration. | Benzeev, Rayna. University of Colorado Boulder. | ||||||||||||||||||||
88 | J2 | 11:40 - 11:50 | Political Ecology Playbook for Ecosystem and Landscape Restoration | Robin Chazdon University of Connecticut @partnersrcn | The urgency of restoring ecosystems and landscapes in ways that improve human wellbeing and mitigate climate and biodiversity crises is now attracting global attention. The UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) is a global program to support the regeneration and restoration of degraded ecosystems. Many current and prior restoration efforts, however, have not only failed to meet restoration goals but have also led to unintended consequences that exacerbate social and ecological conditions. These interventions have largely drawn on narrow or simplistic approaches that address the symptoms of environmental degradation and not the underlying causes. To address these issues, we develop the Political Ecology Playbook for Ecosystem and Landscape Restoration, a set of ten principles for achieving long-lasting, resilient and equitable ecosystem restoration. These principles are guided by interdisciplinary science, and other forms of local and Indigenous knowledge, addressing issues in local, national, and international arenas. In the Political Ecology Playbook, we define restoration as ‘moving forward towards a regenerating system that fully supports and integrates social and ecological functions’, as opposed to “a return to some pristine form.” This definition departs from existing restoration principles by focusing on the root causes of deforestation and degradation, access and control over land, governance with focus on common property arrangements, power and the scale of influence, impacts of strategies on marginalized communities, the equity of market-based strategies, and multiple forms of knowledge including Indigenous Knowledge—all within the context of social and environmental justice. The Playbook aims to restore a healthy relationship between people and nature via sustainable land use that is ecologically, socially and economically just and resilient, while recognizing the political nature of such relationships. It adds value to recent efforts to emphasize and uphold principles of ecosystem and landscape restoration. The study of the deep and integrated relationship between people and landscapes, political ecology, has long addressed the politics, power relations, and the economic drivers of environmental change. We argue that the Political Ecology Playbook should be used as a guide for long-lasting, socially just, and ecologically sound ecosystem and landscape restoration worldwide. | Tracey Osborne (University of California, Merced) Samara Brock (Yale University) Robin Chazdon, Presenter (University of CT/University of the Sunshine Coast) Susan Chomba (World Agroforestry, ICRAF) Eva Garen (Yale University) Victoria Gutierrez (Commonland) Juanita Sundberg (University of British Columbia) Rebecca Lave (Indiana University) Manon Lefevre (Yale University) | ||||||||||||||||||||
89 | J3 | 11:50 - 12:00 | Key insights on trees and land degradation in seven African countries | Karl Hughes World Agroforestry (ICRAF) @Karl_A_Hughes | The Regreening Africa program’s baseline survey collected rich social, economic and biophysical data from 9,377 households and cropping fields spread across over 300 landscapes in seven African countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, and Senegal). Benchmarking baseline conditions in intervention and non-intervention action sites through an integrated household survey, field observation, and the analysis of satellite imagery will enable a holistic assessment of the program’s impacts. Key findings include: 1) 94% of households reported the presence of at least one tree on their farm or homestead, with an estimated average number 150 but ranging significantly both across and within the seven countries; 2) in general, households tend to have more native trees species on farm (2.9 on average) compared with exotic species (1.79 on average); 3) 10-year projected returns for tree products were found to be low and much lower relative to annual crops in all countries, save for Rwanda with an average of €4,140 per capita; 4) soil erosion prevalence (a key indicator of land degradation) was found to be high across in all seven countries, but highest in Niger with most fields (> 75%) being significantly eroded; and 5) high variability in social, economic, and ecological conditions both across and within the seven countries reveal the need to tailor restoration options to context. | Hughes K, Oduol J, Kegode H, Ouattara I, Vagen T, Winowiecki L A, Bourne M, Neely C, Ademonla D A, Carsan S, Van Schoubroeck F, Chomba S. | ||||||||||||||||||||
90 | J4 | 12:00 - 12:10 | Paving the way for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration through rights-based approaches and community leadership | Laura Valencia, Rights and Resources Initiative Archana Soreng, UN Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change Thomas Worsdell, Independent Researcher | The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) invites governments, communities, civil society, scientists, and individuals to act as restoration change agents. Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration follows on the heels of the UN Decade on Biodiversity and the UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification. To bring a holistic restoration standard, the Society for Ecological Restoration Standards are officially recommended, which do not permit restoration practices such as monoculture plantations. Literature focusing on the social impacts of forest landscape restoration (FLR) elucidate the importance of rights-based approaches to any resource-intensive climate change mitigation endeavor (e.g. Mansourian et al., 2020). Nearly 300 million people inhabit lands of high value to forest landscape restoration (Erbaugh et al., 2020), and while they are recognized as stakeholders in restoration governance by global fora such as the Global Landscapes Forum and the Bonn Challenge, most national plans have yet to substantively course-correct by including community stakeholders and safeguarding their rights (McLain, Lawry, Guariguata, & Reed, 2018). The draft strategy for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration initially lacked a robust recognition of rights beyond casual references to voluntary guidelines on tenure. However, in response to civil society advocacy, the final Strategy released in September, 2020 has now adopted several rights-based principles, including in the definition of ‘restoration’ itself (p. 1). Moreover, the Strategy acknowledges that ‘many landscapes eligible for restoration are currently used by Indigenous peoples without land tenure security’ (p. 4) and urges government actors to build political will towards ‘adjusting tenure systems pertaining to natural resources’ (p. 14). This indicates greater awareness that land conflicts, livelihood precarity, and poor restoration project performance are linked with top-down approaches that fail to substantively include rights. It remains to be seen how existing national agendas to secure land rights can be synergized with restoration ambitions. This could enable local initiatives and leadership to leverage the urgency and momentum of restoration to revitalize their local economies and ecologies—an opportunity for all genders and generations. | Laura Valencia, Rights and Resources Initiative Archana Soreng, UN Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change Thomas Worsdell, Independent Researcher | ||||||||||||||||||||
91 | BREAK | 12:10 - 12:45 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Session K | 12:45 - 1:40 | Multi-stakeholder approaches: inclusive, rights-based, participatory | Chair: Cristy Watkins University of Michigan | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
93 | K1 | 12:50 - 1:00 | Why quality participation matters in conservation: A case study of the marginalised communities in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh | Toiaba Binta Taher University of New South Wales @ToiabaT | Sustainable development has been a core principle underpinning governance for development and the environment for at least the last three decades. Although emphasising socio-economic development within ecological constraints, the concept is frequently co-opted by vested interests to promote economic development that benefits a powerful few at the expense of marginalised communities and fragile ecosystems. In response to these highly capitalist interpretations of sustainable development, the term 'inclusive development' has emerged to highlight the specific needs of marginalised peoples. Inclusive development emphasises equal participation in decision-making processes, but participation is often judged by the presence of representative stakeholders, rather than the quality of participation. Here, we conduct an ethnographic inquiry of the agrarian-marginalised communities (herein also referred to as marginals) living around the world's largest single mangrove tract, the World Heritage-listed Sundarbans of Bangladesh, to understand their perceptions, institutional context, and attitudes towards the forest and its conservation. Since the 1990s, government policy and public-private partnerships have transformed the land used by marginals for agriculture and settlements into commercial shrimp farms. The resulting loss of agrarian livelihoods led to an increase in illegal resource extraction by marginals from the Sundarbans, threatening the forest's integrity. Conservation efforts in the Sundarbans are heavily centered on marginals' behavioural change, but illegal activities are still a significant threat to forest biodiversity. Unlike evaluation studies that seek to understand "what" and "how" conservation works best, ethnography allows us to answer the "why" question: why are conservation outcomes not apparent even after marginalised communities have participated in decision-making? We find that marginals feel they have no place in governance or decision-process, and their socio-economic vulnerability drives illegal resource use. Institutional actors hold marginalised communities responsible for their illegal resource use and the forest's vulnerability, reducing marginals' legitimacy in decision-making processes. Lack of mutual trust, respect, and power have ultimately led to the socio-economic vulnerability of marginals' becoming a low priority conservation discussion and decision-making. Quality participation and acceptance in decision-making processes are critical to ensuring inclusive development that prioritises marginalised communities' (economic) needs, rather than just representation or oppression by powerful institutional actors. | Toiaba B. Taher and Megan C. Evans School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||
94 | K2 | 1:00 - 1:10 | Assessing inclusion of women and Indigenous peoples in multi-stakeholder initiatives | Kristen Evans Center for International Forestry Research | Around the world, multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI) have been promoted to bring together diverse constituencies to share ideas and opinions and to formulate decisions in a more open and equitable way about wide-ranging issues and scales, from global climate change negotiations to local forest use decisions. These initiatives take various forms, from small meetings to large forums, and adopt different names such as platforms, partnerships and networks. Despite being promoted widely in natural resource interventions such as REDD+, community forest management and forest landscape restoration, in practice evidence shows that women and Indigenous peoples are often frequently either under-represented or lack influence in multi-stakeholder initiatives. To further understand the structures that inhibit women and Indigenous peoples’ engagement in MSIs and potentials to improve inclusion, we used an experienced-based approach that combined a literature review of 260 articles and 61 interviews with development and research practitioners to discuss how can we strengthen inclusion in MSI. We identified the success factors that contribute to inclusion as well as the challenges and constraints that inhibit inclusion of women and Indigenous peoples. We used a rights-based approach to develop a theory of change that identifies capacity gaps and actions to change institutional structures. We also present mechanisms for monitoring how MSIs engage women and Indigenous peoples. These results highlight that processes of transformation within MSIs require working with both rights-holders and duty-bearers as well as ensuring that principles of social justice, empowerment, accountability to identify actions that could trigger positive change. Exploring cases of women and Indigenous peoples provides insights into how different dimensions of social differentiation intersect in practice at these different scales and inform us about other under-represented groups. | Iliana Monterroso Ibarra Kristen Evans Douglas Bwire Nining Liswanti Harlem Marino Saavedra Ade Tamara Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti Anne M. Larson ***All authors are with the Center for International Forestry Research | ||||||||||||||||||||
95 | K3 | 1:10 - 1:20 | The Multifaceted Barriers to Indigenous Claims to Forest Rights in Contemporary Indonesia: the Case Studies of Kinipan and Peyuyan | Randi Miranda Handep @julian_randi | Despite the recognition of Indonesian state constitution on indigenous people (Masyarakat Adat) and their rights over cultures, land and other natural resources, these aspects have been poorly secured as compared to other law subjects. The Indigenous People Act has been long overdue and its poor enforcement has created gaps in numerous regulations resulting in various conflicts across the country. Agrarian conflicts and violence are notably the most prevalent issues as recently reflected in Kinipan, Lamandau District, and Gunung Purei, North Barito District, in Central Kalimantan Province. Indigenous people are often at a weaker position when facing the corporations operating within their managed forests and land, which in Kinipan case is with a palm oil company and in Gunung Purei is with a timber company. This study aims to assess these two cases by analysing the regulatory frameworks in order to demarcate the level of recognition and protection as well as to identify the problems in their implementation and the gaps that need to be filled. Initially, we conducted a desktop study using discourse analysis on the prevailing regulations pertaining to indigenous people’s rights, forest management and natural resources development and analyse them against the case of Kinipan and Gunung Purei. We will then conduct a field research to characterize the different socio-economic needs of each community which requires legal protection. Our study finds that the proses for indigenous people to obtain their legal rights over their forests is very difficult and expensive due to a very long and complex system they have to go through both at the local and central government levels. These efforts are also mostly initiated and/or assisted by non-government organizations (NGOs), not by the state. We suggest that a clearer, more streamlined and low cost yet accommodative of different cultural needs mechanism should be provided. | Randi Julian Miranda Founder and Researcher at Handep Jalan Raden Saleh Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: randi.handep@gmai.com Marko Mahin Christian University of Palangka Raya Jalan R.T.A. Milono KM 8,5 Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Alma Adventa Faculty of Engineering, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 73111, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: alma.oceandy@gmail.com | ||||||||||||||||||||
96 | K4 | 1:20 - 1:30 | Transforming complex rural territorial pathways – an action-research project on microfinance and the agricultural frontier of Nicaragua | Frederic Huybrechs University of Antwerp - Institute of Development Policy (IOB) @FHuybrechs | In Nicaragua’s agricultural frontier, extensive cattle raising is a key driver of a process of migration in cascade with strong social and environmental tensions. We analyse institutional processes behind this development pathway and explore the role of microfinance therein. We start from the idea of emerging ‘territorial pathways’, which holds that incumbent as well as alternative pathways emerge out of the power-laden interactions of biophysical characteristics of the territory with particular configurations of ideas, social structures and ‘rules of the game’. From this perspective, we have previously shown how rural-agricultural microfinance tends to (mostly unwittingly) support the dominant pathways in the frontier. Even ‘green’ microfinance processes thereby risk maintaining or even strengthening the structures that reproduce social exclusion and environmental degradation. This calls for a need to open up policy space, recognizing the political nature of territorial processes, openly questioning what practices are supported over others and thinking in terms of transformative coalitions. Our action-research (a collaboration between several research institutions, a Nicaraguan MFI and local environmental NGO) therefore entails a process of participatory identification and envisioning of different ideas and narratives about desirable futures and possible alliances, exploring possible ‘cracks’ in the currently dominant pathway. Throughout this process, we acknowledge the challenge to co-produce alternatives in a context where dominant perspectives and aspirations are widespread and continuously reinforced through discursive practices of particular powerful actors. This also includes recognizing the ambiguous and political role of different actors (including researchers and practitioners) within such action-research processes. | Frédéric Huybrechs (University of Antwerp, IOB), Johan Bastiaensen (University of Antwerp, IOB; Research and Development Institute Nitlapan-UCA), Pierre Merlet (University of Antwerp, IOB; Research and Development Institute Nitlapan-UCA), Milagros Romero (University of Antwerp, IOB; Research and Development Institute Nitlapan-UCA), Gert Van Hecken (University of Antwerp, IOB; Research and Development Institute Nitlapan-UCA) | ||||||||||||||||||||
97 | K5 | 1:30 - 1:40 | Understanding difference to build bridges among stakeholders in the Peruvian Amazon | Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) @JuanPaSarmiento | Multi-stakeholder forums (MSFs) are seen as central to conservation and development initiatives associated with land and forest use as part of wider climate action. The academic literature presents a dichotomy: participatory processes either allow for horizontal decision-making with more equitable outcomes for local populations, or they mask technologies of governance that may reinforce inequality. We argue that simplifying the opinions held by MSF participants into two positions—for and against—does not reflect the inherent messiness of participatory processes and downplays the complex and nuanced differences in stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of participation. Noting a methodological challenge in understanding such differences, we applied Q-methodology to compare the perceptions of MSF participants and organizers in four forums that dealt with forest and land-use issues in the Peruvian Amazon. Q-methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to compare the subjective perceptions held by research participants over an issue. We synthesized participants’ perceptions into four 'factors' representing perspectives on MSFs: (1) MSFs promote an equal playing field between participants; (2) MSFs build trust by offering a space for dialogue and lead to consensus outcomes; (3) MSFs are successful when they include rights protections; and (4) MSFs are effective when underrepresented actors have their capacities developed. We propose that understanding commonalities and the nuances of difference in experiences and perceptions, is key to identify ways forward to support more equitable MSFs. Our analysis reveals commonalities (MSFs have opportunities and risks but have potential), potential compromise (MSFs could manage inequality), and conflict (MSFs can challenge the rights of Indigenous Peoples/Local Communities). We found that participants were often optimistic about the forums, but at the same time they were aware of risks; and that groups falling into both of the camps set out in the literature may be just as likely to fail to address inequality among participants but for different reasons. Our results identify points of convergence and divergence, and potential ways forward to help construct more equitable MSFs as both part of wider climate action efforts and transformative strategies towards more equitable forest management and livelihoods. | 1. Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti, PhD - Center for International Forestry Research 2. Anne M Larson, PhD - Center for International Forestry Research 3. Nicole Heise, BA - Center for International Forestry Research | ||||||||||||||||||||
98 | Session L | 1:20 - 2:05 | Community Forestry (1) | Chair: Cristy Watkins University of Michigan | Abstract | Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||
99 | L1 | 1:25 - 1:35 | Vulnerable at the Heart: Land Use and Livelihood Trends in the Core Zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala | Dietmar Stoian World Agroforestry (ICRAF) dstoian | Under the auspices of UNESCO, about 700 biosphere reserves have been established around the globe for a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere. These are organized into three interrelated areas, namely core, buffer and transition zones. The Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Guatemala is a prominent example of such a reserve where previous studies focused on the Multiple Use Zone (MUZ), a transition zone where community forest concessions have been granted with proven conservation and livelihood outcomes. This study focuses on the core zone of the MBR, an underresearched area where community structure, forest governance, and livelihood trajectories in two national parks (Laguna del Tigre, Sierra de Lacandón) have been different from those found in the MUZ. With the aim to determine conservation and development outcomes, we studied land use and livelihood trends over the past two decades based on satellite images, official documents and statistics, and key informant interviews with representatives of government agencies, civil society organizations, and local communities. Our study shows that, unlike the community concessions in the MUZ where deforestation rates have been low (0.1% p.a.), forest cover loss in the core zone has been more than tenfold and continues unabated. Moreover, livelihoods are much less secure as, from a regulatory perspective, most land use activities are deemed illegal. Enforcement and involvement of local communities have been rendered difficult by the expansion of illicit activities (drug trafficking, poaching). These results reflect weak governance structures at community, park, and reserve levels. Our findings are relevant for the future of the MBR as they prove the concept underlying a core zone with national parks where only tourism and research are allowed unviable under the local conditions. Deforestation and poverty trends in the core zone where communities operate in a legal void are in stark contrast to the positive impact of community forest stewardship as established in the MUZ. We conclude that extending such stewardship to the core zone and supporting the development of sustainable local businesses will counteract current trends and be critical for achieving conservation and development goals of this and other biosphere reserves. | Dietmar Stoian, Lead Scientist, Value Chains, Private Sector Engagement and Investments at World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bonn, Germany Iliana Monterroso, Scientist, Equity, Gender and Tenure Team at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Guatemala Aldo Rodas, Advisor to the Rural Extension Program of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food in Petén, Guatemala | ||||||||||||||||||||
100 | L2 | 1:35 - 1:45 | A global analysis of the social and environmental outcomes of community forests | Reem Hajjar Oregon State University @forestreembles | Community forest management (CFM) has been promoted for decades as a way to merge environmental conservation with economic development and natural resource rights agendas. Yet, many of these initiatives have also led to substantial socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs. We present a newly published, comprehensive global analysis of environmental, income, and natural resource rights outcomes of CFM, using data from 643 cases in 51 countries. We find that while the majority of cases reported positive environmental and income-related outcomes, forest access and resource rights were often negatively affected by policies to formalize CFM, countering one of CFM’s principal goals. Positive outcomes across all three dimensions were rare. We show that biophysical conditions, de facto tenure rights, national context, user group characteristics, and intervention types are key predictors of joint positive outcomes. These findings highlight key conducive conditions for CFM interventions, which can inform CFM design to ensure positive outcomes across multiple sustainability dimensions. | Reem Hajjar, Oregon State University Johan A Oldekop, University of Manchester Peter Cronkleton, CIFOR Peter Newton, University of Colorado Boulder Aaron JM Russell, Global Green Growth Wen Zhou, Yale University | ||||||||||||||||||||