2. kubernetes集群环境搭建

2.1 前置知识点

目前生产部署Kubernetes 集群主要有两种方式：

kubeadm

Kubeadm 是一个K8s 部署工具，提供kubeadm init 和kubeadm join，用于快速部署Kubernetes 集群。

官方地址：https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm/

二进制包

从github 下载发行版的二进制包，手动部署每个组件，组成Kubernetes 集群。

Kubeadm 降低部署门槛，但屏蔽了很多细节，遇到问题很难排查。如果想更容易可控，推荐使用二进制包部署Kubernetes 集群，虽然手动部署麻烦点，期间可以学习很多工作原理，也利于后期维护。


2.2 kubeadm 部署方式介绍

kubeadm 是官方社区推出的一个用于快速部署kubernetes 集群的工具，这个工具能通过两条指令完成一个kubernetes 集群的部署：

  • 创建一个Master 节点kubeadm init
  • 将Node 节点加入到当前集群中$ kubeadm join <Master 节点的IP 和端口>

2.3 安装要求

在开始之前，部署Kubernetes 集群机器需要满足以下几个条件：

  • 一台或多台机器，操作系统CentOS7.x-86_x64
  • 硬件配置：2GB 或更多RAM，2 个CPU 或更多CPU，硬盘30GB 或更多
  • 集群中所有机器之间网络互通
  • 可以访问外网，需要拉取镜像
  • 禁止swap 分区

2.4 最终目标

  • 在所有节点上安装Docker 和kubeadm
  • 部署Kubernetes Master
  • 部署容器网络插件
  • 部署Kubernetes Node，将节点加入Kubernetes 集群中
  • 部署Dashboard Web 页面，可视化查看Kubernetes 资源

2.5 准备环境


角色

IP地址

组件

k8s-master01

192.168.5.3

docker，kubectl，kubeadm，kubelet

k8s-node01

192.168.5.4

docker，kubectl，kubeadm，kubelet

k8s-node02

192.168.5.5

docker，kubectl，kubeadm，kubelet

2.6 系统初始化

2.6.1 设置系统主机名以及 Host 文件的相互解析

hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master01 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node01 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node02 && bash
cat <<EOF>> /etc/hosts
192.168.5.3     k8s-master01
192.168.5.4     k8s-node01
192.168.5.5     k8s-node02
EOF
scp /etc/hosts root@192.168.5.4:/etc/hosts 
scp /etc/hosts root@192.168.5.5:/etc/hosts

2.6.2 安装依赖文件（所有节点都要操作）

yum install -y conntrack ntpdate ntp ipvsadm ipset jq iptables curl sysstat libseccomp wget vim net-tools git

2.6.3 设置防火墙为 Iptables 并设置空规则（所有节点都要操作）

systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld

yum -y install iptables-services && systemctl start iptables && systemctl enable iptables && iptables -F && service iptables save

2.6.4 关闭 SELINUX（所有节点都要操作）

swapoff -a && sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab

setenforce 0 && sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config

2.6.5 调整内核参数，对于 K8S（所有节点都要操作）

modprobe br_netfilter

cat <<EOF> kubernetes.conf 
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0
vm.swappiness=0 # 禁止使用 swap 空间，只有当系统 OOM 时才允许使用它
vm.overcommit_memory=1 # 不检查物理内存是否够用
vm.panic_on_oom=0 # 开启 OOM
fs.inotify.max_user_instances=8192
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=1048576
fs.file-max=52706963
fs.nr_open=52706963
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=2310720
EOF

cp kubernetes.conf /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf

sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf

2.6.6 调整系统时区（所有节点都要操作）

# 设置系统时区为 中国/上海
timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
# 将当前的 UTC 时间写入硬件时钟
timedatectl set-local-rtc 0
# 重启依赖于系统时间的服务
systemctl restart rsyslog
systemctl restart crond

2.6.7 设置 rsyslogd 和 systemd journald（所有节点都要操作）

# 持久化保存日志的目录
mkdir /var/log/journal 
mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d
cat > /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/99-prophet.conf <<EOF
[Journal]
# 持久化保存到磁盘
Storage=persistent

# 压缩历史日志
Compress=yes

SyncIntervalSec=5m
RateLimitInterval=30s
RateLimitBurst=1000

# 最大占用空间 10G
SystemMaxUse=10G

# 单日志文件最大 200M
SystemMaxFileSize=200M

# 日志保存时间 2 周
MaxRetentionSec=2week

# 不将日志转发到 syslog
ForwardToSyslog=no
EOF

systemctl restart systemd-journald

2.6.8 kube-proxy开启ipvs的前置条件（所有节点都要操作）

cat <<EOF> /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules 
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF

chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

2.6.9 安装 Docker 软件（所有节点都要操作）

yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2

yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

yum install -y docker-ce

## 创建 /etc/docker 目录
mkdir /etc/docker

cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
"log-driver": "json-file",
"log-opts": {
"max-size": "100m"
}
}
EOF
mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d
# 重启docker服务
systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart docker && systemctl enable docker

上传文件到/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下，也可以 代替 yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo 命令

docker-ce.repo

[docker-ce-stable]
name=Docker CE Stable - $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/stable
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-stable-debuginfo]
name=Docker CE Stable - Debuginfo $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/debug-$basearch/stable
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-stable-source]
name=Docker CE Stable - Sources
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/source/stable
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-test]
name=Docker CE Test - $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/test
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-test-debuginfo]
name=Docker CE Test - Debuginfo $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/debug-$basearch/test
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-test-source]
name=Docker CE Test - Sources
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/source/test
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-nightly]
name=Docker CE Nightly - $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/nightly
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-nightly-debuginfo]
name=Docker CE Nightly - Debuginfo $basearch
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/debug-$basearch/nightly
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

[docker-ce-nightly-source]
name=Docker CE Nightly - Sources
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/source/nightly
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/gpg

2.6.10 安装 Kubeadm （所有节点都要操作）

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

yum install -y kubelet-1.21.1-0 kubeadm-1.21.1-0 kubectl-1.21.1-0 && systemctl enable kubelet

2.7 部署Kubernetes Master

2.7.1 初始化主节点（主节点操作）

docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns 
docker tag registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns/coredns


kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.5.3 --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --kubernetes-version v1.21.1 --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube

sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

2.7.2 加入主节点以及其余工作节点

kubeadm join 192.168.5.3:6443 --token h0uelc.l46qp29nxscke7f7 \
        --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:abc807778e24bff73362ceeb783cc7f6feec96f20b4fd707c3f8e8312294e28f

2.7.3 部署网络

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

下边是文件

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
  - configMap
  - secret
  - emptyDir
  - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
  - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN', 'NET_RAW']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
- apiGroups: ['extensions']
  resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
  verbs: ['use']
  resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes/status
  verbs:
  - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
            - matchExpressions:
              - key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:
                - linux
      hostNetwork: true
      priorityClassName: system-node-critical
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.14.0
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.14.0
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
      - name: run
        hostPath:
          path: /run/flannel
      - name: cni
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/cni/net.d
      - name: flannel-cfg
        configMap:
          name: kube-flannel-cfg

如果上述安装flannel网络插件不能让node节点变为ready 则使用安装calico网络插件

2.8 测试kubernetes 集群

2.8.1 部署nginx 测试

kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx

kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

kubectl get pod,svc