hive修改字段为非空属性 hive 修改字段

转载

mob64ca14157da7 2023-08-24 16:49:02

文章标签 hive修改字段为非空属性字段字段名 hive 文章分类 Hive 大数据

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;
USE tmp_dm_test_a;
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc(
 user_id          string COMMENT '用户id'
,all_addr  string COMMENT '常用地址'
)
PARTITIONED BY (
  inc_day string COMMENT 'inc_day used by partition'
)
STORED AS orc
TBLPROPERTIES('orc.compress'='SNAPPY');



set hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;
set hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode=nonstrict;
set hive.fetch.task.conversion=more;
set hive.exec.parallel=true;
set mapreduce.output.fileoutputformat.compress.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
set mapreduce.output.fileoutputformat.compress.type=BLOCK;

WITH tmp AS
(
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr, '20180102'
union all
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr, '20180102'
union all
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr, '20180102'
)


INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc PARTITION (inc_day)
SELECT * from tmp;

SELECT * from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;
SELECT user_id,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;
SELECT user_id,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc where inc_day='20180101';
SELECT user_id,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc where inc_day='20180103';
----
SELECT phone_number,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;

--DDL语句最后添加CASCADE，否则新增的列在旧分区中不可见
 alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc add columns(original_union_id string) cascade; 
--新增多个字段

alter table `ods_wst`.`awd_pckt_in_sm` 
add columns(
  `rule_code` string COMMENT '规则编码'
, `bus_type`  string COMMENT '扩展字段业务类型,用于关联扩展字段业务值1-4'
, `bus_attr1` string COMMENT '扩展字段业务值1'
, `bus_attr2` string COMMENT '扩展字段业务值2'
, `bus_attr3` string COMMENT '扩展字段业务值3'
, `bus_attr4` string COMMENT '扩展字段业务值4'
) cascade;

alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc partition(inc_day='20180101') add columns(original_union_id string); 
 
 
 
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;
USE tmp_dm_test_a;
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc(
 user_id          string COMMENT '用户id'
,all_addr  string COMMENT '常用地址'
,original_union_id string
)
PARTITIONED BY (
  inc_day string COMMENT 'inc_day used by partition'
)
STORED AS orc
TBLPROPERTIES('orc.compress'='SNAPPY');

MSCK REPAIR TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;

WITH tmp AS
(
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr,'sf0x1111' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr,'sf0x2211' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr,'sf0x3311' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr,'sf0x4411' as original_union_id, '20180104'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr,'sf0x5511' as original_union_id, '20180104'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr,'sf0x6611' as original_union_id, '20180104'
)


INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc PARTITION (inc_day)
SELECT * from tmp;



******************** 之前分区的数据找不到phone_number，需要重跑历史数据

alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc change column user_id phone_number string; 

alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc change column user_id phone_number string cascade;
------------- show create table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa_orc;

ALTER TABLE table_name 
  [PARTITION partition_spec]                 -- (Note: Hive 0.14.0 and later)
  ADD|REPLACE COLUMNS (col_name data_type [COMMENT col_comment], ...)
  [CASCADE|RESTRICT]                         -- (Note: Hive 1.1.0 and later)

REPLACE列删除所有现有列并添加新的列集。这只能用于具有本机SerDe的表(DynamicSerDe、元数据类型pedcolumnsetserde、LazySimpleSerDe和ColumnarSerDe)。REPLACE列还可以用于删除列。

删除列示例:

原有Hive表test_change中有a,b,c,d,e这几个字段
   将从test_change中删除“d”列:
     ALTER TABLE test_change REPLACE COLUMNS (a int, b int,c string,e string) cascade;
   将d和e两列一起删除:
      ALTER TABLE test_change REPLACE COLUMNS (a int, b int,c string) cascade;
-- parque格式的数据，保留d，e字段的数据，但是replace删除后无法查询d，e
-- REPLACE也可以调整字段的顺序，原始数据不用变也可正常查询

parquet存储格式

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;
USE tmp_dm_test_a;
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa(
 user_id          string COMMENT '用户id'
,all_addr  string COMMENT '常用地址'
)
PARTITIONED BY (
  inc_day string COMMENT 'inc_day used by partition'
)
STORED AS parquet
TBLPROPERTIES('parquet.compression'='SNAPPY');



set hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;
set hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode=nonstrict;
set hive.fetch.task.conversion=more;
set hive.exec.parallel=true;
set mapreduce.output.fileoutputformat.compress.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;
set mapreduce.output.fileoutputformat.compress.type=BLOCK;

WITH tmp AS
(
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr, '20180101'
union all
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr, '20180102'
union all
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr, '20180102'
union all
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr, '20180102'
)


INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa PARTITION (inc_day)
SELECT * from tmp;

SELECT * from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;
SELECT user_id,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;
SELECT user_id,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa where inc_day='20180101';
----
SELECT phone_number,all_addr,original_union_id from tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;


 alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa add columns(original_union_id string); 
 
 alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa partition(inc_day='20180101') add columns(original_union_id string); 
 
 
 
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;
USE tmp_dm_test_a;
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa(
 user_id          string COMMENT '用户id'
,all_addr  string COMMENT '常用地址'
,original_union_id string
)
PARTITIONED BY (
  inc_day string COMMENT 'inc_day used by partition'
)
STORED AS parquet
TBLPROPERTIES('parquet.compression'='SNAPPY');


MSCK REPAIR TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa;

WITH tmp AS
(
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr,'sf0x1111' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr,'sf0x2211' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr,'sf0x3311' as original_union_id, '20180103'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf1111' as user_id, '湖南省' as all_addr,'sf0x4411' as original_union_id, '20180104'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf2222' as user_id, '江西省' as all_addr,'sf0x5511' as original_union_id, '20180104'
union all                                                                       
SELECT 'sf3333' as user_id, '上东省' as all_addr,'sf0x6611' as original_union_id, '20180104'
)


INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa PARTITION (inc_day)
SELECT * from tmp;


********************
alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa change column user_id phone_number string;
alter table tmp_dm_test_a.t_aa change column user_id phone_number string cascade;

*********************************************

结论：

1、parquet和orc格式，旧分区中数据文件内容不可变。

2、parquet和orc格式：字段增加后，旧数据文件中无新字段内容；新产生的分区中数据文件才会有新字段内容。

3、parquet和orc格式：通过add语句末尾追加新增字段后，旧分区和新分区都可以查，旧数据为null而已。

4、parquet格式：修改字段名后，无法从旧数据解析原字段内容，相当于新旧字段名没有印射关系。因为旧数据中只有旧字段名没有新字段名，而且新字段名无法印射旧字段名，所以select不能解析新字段名。

5、orc格式：修改字段名后，可以从旧数据解析原字段内容，相当于新旧字段名有印射关系。虽然旧数据中只有旧字段名没有新字段名，但是新字段名印射了旧字段名，相当于一个别名，所以select可以解析新字段名。

本文章为转载内容，我们尊重原作者对文章享有的著作权。如有内容错误或侵权问题，欢迎原作者联系我们进行内容更正或删除文章。