一、数据类型
MariaDB数据类型可以分为数字,日期和时间以及字符串值。
使用数据类型的原则:够用就行, 尽量使用范围小的,而不用大的
- 常用的数据类型
1. 整数:int, bit
2. 小数:decimal #decimal(5,2)
3. 字符串:varchar, char
4. 日期时间:date, time, datetime
5. 枚举类型(enum)
• 约束
6. 主键primary key:物理上存储的顺序(不能重复)
7. 非空not null:此字段不能为空
8. 唯一unique:此字段不允许重复
9. 默认default:当不填写此值时会使用默认值,如果填写则已填写为准
10. 外键foreign key:对关系字段进行约束,当为关系字段填写值时,会到关联的表中查询此值是否存在,如果存在则填写成功,如果不存在则填写失败并抛出异常。
二、增删改
枚举类型的数据可以索引取值
主键null/default/0默认自增
decimal 小数会四舍五入
年龄写成字符串会默认为整型
自增不会回退(好马不吃回头草)
1 MariaDB [jam]> desc classes; #查看表结构
2 +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
4 +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 | id | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
6 | name | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | |
7 | age | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
8 | high | decimal(5,2) | YES | | NULL | |
9 | gender | enum('男','女') | YES | | 女 | |
10 | cls_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
11 | date | bit(1) | YES | | NULL | |
12 | is_delete | bit(1) | YES | | NULL | |
13 +-----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
14 8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
15
16 MariaDB [jam]> select * from classes; #查看表里的内容
17 Empty set (0.01 sec)
18
19 #查看时间
20 MariaDB [jam]> select now();
21 #增字段 alter table 表名 add 字段名 数据类型;
22 MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes add bithday datetime;
23 #修改数据类型 alter table 表名 modify 字段名 新的数据类型;
24 MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes modify bithday date;
25 #修改字段名,数据类型 alter table 表名 change 旧字段名 新字段名 数据类型
26 MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes change bithday birth datetime;
27 #删除字段名(drop)
28 MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes drop birth;
增
#插入一个新的数据
MariaDB [jam]> insert into classes values (1,'萧敬腾',3,171.2,'男',1,1,1);
#部分插入,可以多条插入
MariaDB [jam]> insert into classes (name,age,high) values ('jam',32,171.2),('hsiao',32,172);
插入insert
#将hsiao修改为田馥甄
MariaDB [jam]> update classes set name='田馥甄' where name='hsiao';
#修改特定的某一条的name,用id指定
MariaDB [jam]> update classes set name='张惠妹' where id=20;
#修改多个字段用‘,’隔开
MariaDB [jam]> update classes set name='阿密特',age=35 where id=20;
修改update
#全部删除(危险操作,一定要注意)
MariaDB [jam]> delete from classes;
Query OK, 8 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from classes;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
#物理删除,按主键删除最保险
MariaDB [jam]> delete from classes where id=23;
#编辑一个is_de字段,默认值为0,bit(1)表示1,0
MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes add is_de bit(1) default 0;
#逻辑删除is_de;
MariaDB [jam]> alter table classes drop is_de;
#查看is_delete=1的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from classes where is_delete=1;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | date | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 萧敬腾 | 3 | 171.00 | 男 | NULL | | |
| 2 | 白敬亭 | 5 | 183.00 | 男 | NULL | | |
| 21 | 1 | 0 | 3.00 | | 1 | | |
| 22 | 2 | 0 | 5.00 | | 1 | | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查看is_delete=0的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from classes where is_delete=0;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | date | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
| 3 | 王嘉尔 | 3 | 172.00 | 男 | NULL | | |
| 4 | 阿密特 | 6 | 160.00 | 女 | NULL | | |
| 24 | 4 | 0 | 6.00 | | 2 | | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除delete/alter(drop)
三、单表查询
查询基本使用(条件,排序,聚合函数,分组,分页)
#创建studens表
MariaDB [jam]> create table students (
-> id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,
-> name varchar(20) default '',
-> age tinyint unsigned default 0,
-> high decimal(5,2),
-> gender enum('男', '女', '中性', '保密') default '保密',
-> cls_id int unsigned default 0,
-> is_delete bit default 0);
#创建class表
MariaDB [jam]> create table class(
-> id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
-> name varchar(20) not null);
#插入行
MariaDB [jam]> insert into students (name,age,high,gender,cls_id,is_delete) values('猪',12,150,1,1,1),('狗',13,180,1,1,1),('鸡',14,183,2,1,0),('马',3,120,2,1,1),('鼠',20,150,1,1,1);
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 猪 | 12 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 2 | 狗 | 13 | 180.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 3 | 鸡 | 14 | 183.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 4 | 马 | 3 | 120.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 5 | 鼠 | 20 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
创建好需要部署的表
#给字段取别名
MariaDB [jam]> select name as '姓名',age as '年纪' from students;
+--------+--------+
| 姓名 | 年纪 |
+--------+--------+
| 猪 | 12 |
| 狗 | 13 |
| 鸡 | 14 |
| 马 | 3 |
| 鼠 | 20 |
+--------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#给表取别名(多表查询特别有用)
MariaDB [jam]> select ,s.age from students as s;
+------+------+
| name | age |
+------+------+
| 猪 | 12 |
| 狗 | 13 |
| 鸡 | 14 |
| 马 | 3 |
| 鼠 | 20 |
+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#全部查询(危险操作,数据大时会承受不了)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students;
查询(取别名as)
MariaDB [jam]> select distinct age from students;
根据字段消除重复的行
#查询年纪大于10的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age >10;
#查询年纪在19到30之间的行(上下等价)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age >19 && age <30;
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age >19 and age <30;
#查询年纪小于14或大于20的行(同上)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age <14 or age >20;
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age <14 || age >20;
条件查询
%表示零个或任意多个字符
#查询students表的age列中包含1的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age like '%1%';
#查询students表的age列中开头为1的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age like '1%';
#查询students表的age列中末尾为1的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age like '%1';
#查询students表的age列中只有一个字符的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age like '_';
#查询students表的age列中只有两个字符的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where high like '__';
#查询students表的age列中至少有两个字符的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where high like '__%';
模糊查询
#查询年纪在12,14,20的人
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age in (12,14,20);
#查询年纪在10到20之间的人,包含10和20
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age between 10 and 20;
#查询年纪不在10和20之间的人
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age not between 10 and 20;
范围查询(in between)
#查询年纪为空的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age is null;
#查询年纪不为空的行
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where age is not null;
空判断
#按年纪从小到大排序asc(默认从小到大)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students order by age asc;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 4 | 马 | 3 | 120.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 1 | 猪 | 12 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 2 | 狗 | 13 | 180.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 3 | 鸡 | 14 | 183.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 5 | 鼠 | 20 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students order by age;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 4 | 马 | 3 | 120.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 1 | 猪 | 12 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 2 | 狗 | 13 | 180.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 3 | 鸡 | 14 | 183.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 5 | 鼠 | 20 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#按年级从大到小排序(desc)
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students order by age desc;
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | high | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 5 | 鼠 | 20 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 3 | 鸡 | 14 | 183.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 狗 | 13 | 180.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 1 | 猪 | 12 | 150.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 马 | 3 | 120.00 | 女 | 1 | |
+----+------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#-- 查询年纪在18到34岁之间的男性,按照年纪从小到大
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
#-- 查询年纪在18到34岁之间的女性,身高从高到矮
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by high desc;
# -- 查询年纪在10到20岁的女性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年纪从小到大排序
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where (age between 10 and 20) and gender=2 order by high desc, age;
#-- 查询年纪在18到44岁的男性,身高从高到矮排序,如果身高相同的情况下按照年纪从小到大排序,如果年龄也相等那么按照id从小到大排序;
MariaDB [jam]> select * from students where (age between 18 and 44) and gender=1 order by high desc,age,id;
排序(asc,desc)默认按主键排序
-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年纪
select max(age) as '最大值' from students;
-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(high) from students where gender=2;
-- 最小值
-- min
select min(age) as '最小值' from students;
-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) form students;
-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年纪
-- 计算平均年纪 sum(age)/count(*)
select avg(age) from students;
select sum(age)/count(*) form students; #除去空值,比较准确
-- 保留2位小数
select round(avg(age),2)
-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年纪
select max(age) as '最大值' from students;
-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(high) from students where gender=2;
-- 最小值
-- min
select min(age) as '最小值' from students;
-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) form students;
-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年纪
-- 计算平均年纪 sum(age)/count(*)
select avg(age) from students;
select sum(age)/count(*) form students; #除去空值,比较准确
-- 保留2位小数
select round(avg(avg),2) from studen
-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年纪
select max(age) as '最大值' from students;
-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(high) from students where gender=2;
-- 最小值
-- min
select min(age) as '最小值' from students;
-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) form students;
-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年纪
-- 计算平均年纪 sum(age)/count(*)
select avg(age) from students;
select sum(age)/count(*) form students; #除去空值,比较准确
-- 保留2位小数
select round(avg(age),2) from students;
聚合查询
-- group by
-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
select gender from students group by gender;
-- 计算每组性别的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;
-- 查询男性组中的姓名 group_concat
select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1;
--查询以性别分组的人
select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
-- having
-- 查询每个性别平均年纪超过30岁的性别,以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30;
-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于4个的组的信息
select gender,group_concat(name) from classes group by gender having count(*) > 4;
分组查询
-- 分页显示,每页显示2条数据(以1开头,如果limit3,2以4开头)
select * from classes limit 0,2;
-- 按照身高从高到矮排序,查找出所有女性,并且分页显示,每页显示2条数据
select * from students where gender=2 order by high desc limit 0,2
分页查询