单元测试 - 探索java web 单元测试的正确姿势
一丶起因
笔者一直听闻TDD,自动化测试等高大上的技术名词, 向往其中的便利之处, 但一直求而不得, 只因项目中有各种依赖的存在,其中最大的依赖便是数据库. java web 项目大部分都是写sql语句, 不依赖数据库, 便测试不了sql语句的正确性, 但依赖数据库又有种种不变之处. 除此之外, 还有种种类与类之间的依赖关系,很不方便. 遗憾的是, 网上各种文章参差不齐, 笔者所参与的项目很少甚至没有单元测试, 修改代码, 如履薄冰. 在苦思不得其解之际, 向优秀开源项目mybatis求取经验, 终获得一些答案.
二丶实践思路
mybatis使用单元测试的方式是使用内存数据库做单元测试,单元测试前,先根据配置以及数据库脚本,初始化内存数据库,然后再使用内存数据库测试.所以,笔者也是采用这种思路.
除此之外, 还有各种类与类之间依赖关系, 笔者依据mybatis以及spring选择使用mockito框架mock解决
所以选用的工具有 hsql内存数据库, mockito mock工具, junit单元测试工具, spring-boot-test子项目
三丶实施测试
1. 在pom.xml添加hsql 以及mockito
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId>
<artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId>
<version>2.5.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
<artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
true
driver=org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver
## 配置hsql最大程度兼容mysql
url=jdbc:hsqldb:.;sql.syntax_mys=true
username=sa
password=以及在该文件夹下配置初始化化mysql测试数据的脚本
3. 配置初始化内存测试库
BaseDataTest.java 来源于mybatis,用于运行sql脚本,初始化测试库
public abstract class BaseDataTest {
public static final String BLOG_PROPERTIES = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/blog/blog-derby.properties";
public static final String BLOG_DDL = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/blog/blog-derby-schema.sql";
public static final String BLOG_DATA = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/blog/blog-derby-dataload.sql";
public static final String JPETSTORE_PROPERTIES = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/jpetstore/jpetstore-hsqldb.properties";
public static final String JPETSTORE_DDL = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/jpetstore/jpetstore-hsqldb-schema.sql";
public static final String JPETSTORE_DATA = "org/apache/ibatis/databases/jpetstore/jpetstore-hsqldb-dataload.sql";
public static UnpooledDataSource createUnpooledDataSource(String resource) throws IOException {
Properties props = Resources.getResourceAsProperties(resource);
UnpooledDataSource ds = new UnpooledDataSource();
ds.setDriver(props.getProperty("driver"));
ds.setUrl(props.getProperty("url"));
ds.setUsername(props.getProperty("username"));
ds.setPassword(props.getProperty("password"));
return ds;
}
public static PooledDataSource createPooledDataSource(String resource) throws IOException {
Properties props = Resources.getResourceAsProperties(resource);
PooledDataSource ds = new PooledDataSource();
ds.setDriver(props.getProperty("driver"));
ds.setUrl(props.getProperty("url"));
ds.setUsername(props.getProperty("username"));
ds.setPassword(props.getProperty("password"));
return ds;
}
public static void runScript(DataSource ds, String resource) throws IOException, SQLException {
try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
ScriptRunner runner = new ScriptRunner(connection);
runner.setAutoCommit(true);
runner.setStopOnError(false);
runner.setLogWriter(null);
runner.setErrorLogWriter(null);
runScript(runner, resource);
}
}
public static void runScript(ScriptRunner runner, String resource) throws IOException, SQLException {
try (Reader reader = Resources.getResourceAsReader(resource)) {
runner.runScript(reader);
}
}
public static DataSource createBlogDataSource() throws IOException, SQLException {
DataSource ds = createUnpooledDataSource(BLOG_PROPERTIES);
runScript(ds, BLOG_DDL);
runScript(ds, BLOG_DATA);
return ds;
}
public static DataSource createJPetstoreDataSource() throws IOException, SQLException {
DataSource ds = createUnpooledDataSource(JPETSTORE_PROPERTIES);
runScript(ds, JPETSTORE_DDL);
runScript(ds, JPETSTORE_DATA);
return ds;
}
}
配置数据源, 初始化数据库, 以及配置生成mapper
/**
* 准备内存数据库中的数据
* @author TimFruit
* @date 19-11-17 上午10:50
*/
@Configuration
public class BaseDataConfig {
public static final Logger logger=LoggerFactory.getLogger(BaseDataConfig.class);
String dataPrefix= "databases/jpetstore/";
//数据源
@Bean("myDataSource")
public DataSource createDataSource() {
//创建数据源
logger.info("创建数据源...");
InputStream inputStream=FileUtil.getInputStream(dataPrefix+"jpetstore-hsql2mysql.properties");
Properties properties=new Properties();
try {
properties.load(inputStream);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
HikariDataSource dataSource=new HikariDataSource();
dataSource.setDriverClassName(properties.getProperty("driver"));
dataSource.setJdbcUrl(properties.getProperty("url"));
dataSource.setUsername(properties.getProperty("username"));
dataSource.setPassword(properties.getProperty("password"));
//准备数据
logger.info("准备数据...");
try {
BaseDataTest.runScript(dataSource, dataPrefix+"jpetstore-mysql-schema.sql");
BaseDataTest.runScript(dataSource, dataPrefix+"jpetstore-mysql-dataload.sql");
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
logger.info("准备数据完成...");
return dataSource;
}
// mapper
@Bean
public SqlSessionFactory createSqlSessionFactoryBean (
@Qualifier("myDataSource") DataSource dataSource,
@Autowired MybatisProperties mybatisProperties) throws Exception {
SqlSessionFactoryBean factory = new SqlSessionFactoryBean();
factory.setDataSource(dataSource);
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(mybatisProperties.resolveMapperLocations())) {
factory.setMapperLocations(mybatisProperties.resolveMapperLocations());
}
return factory.getObject();
}
}
4. spring-boot-test对mockito的支持
使用@SpyBean和@MockBean修饰属性, spring会对该类型的bean进行spy或者mock操作, 之后装配该类型属性的时候, 都会使用spy或者mock之后的bean进行装配. 关于Mockito的使用可以看我前一篇文章
// @MockBean
@SpyBean
AccountMapper accountMapper;
@SpyBean
AccountService accountService;
@Test
public void shouldSelectAccount(){
Account mockAccount=createTimFruitAccount();
//打桩
doReturn(mockAccount)
.when(accountMapper)
.selectAccount(timfruitUserId);
//测试service方法
Account result=accountService.selectAccount(timfruitUserId);
//验证
Assert.assertEquals(mockAccount, result);
}
需要注意的时, 使用@SpyBean修饰Mapper类的时候, 需要设置mockito对final类型的支持, 否则会报"Mockito cannot mock/spy because : - final class"的异常
设置方式如下:
先在resources文件夹下,新建mockito-extensions文件夹,在该文件夹下新建名为org.mockito.plugins.MockMaker的文本文件,添加以下内容:
mock-maker-inline
5. 对Mapper sql 进行单元测试
避免各单元测试方法的相互影响, 主要利用数据库的事务, 测试完之后, 回滚事务, 不应影响其他测试
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
//加事务, 在单元测试中默认回滚测试数据, 各个测试方法互不影响
//
@Transactional
public class AccountMapperTests {
@SpyBean
AccountMapper accountMapper;
@Test
public void shouldSelectAccount(){
//given 测试数据库中的数据
//when
Account result=accountMapper.selectAccount("ttx");
//then
Assert.assertEquals("ttx@yourdomain.com", result.getEmail());
}
@Test
public void shouldInsertAccount(){
//given
Account timAccount=createTimFruitAccount();
//when
accountMapper.insertAccount(timAccount);
//then
Account result=accountMapper.selectAccount(timfruitUserId);
Assert.assertEquals(timfruitUserId, result.getUserid());
Assert.assertEquals(timAccount.getCity(), result.getCity());
Assert.assertEquals(timAccount.getAddr1(), result.getAddr1());
Assert.assertEquals(timAccount.getAddr2(), result.getAddr2());
}
@Test
public void shouldUpdateCountry(){
//given
String userId="ttx";
String country="万兽之国";
//when
accountMapper.updateCountryByUserId(userId, country);
//then
Account result=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId);
Assert.assertEquals(country, result.getCountry());
}
@Test
public void shouldDeleteAccount(){
//given
String userId="ttx";
Account account=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId);
Assert.assertTrue(account!=null);
//when
accountMapper.deleteAccountry(userId);
//then
account=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId);
Assert.assertTrue(account==null);
}
@Test
public void shouldSaveAccountBatch(){
//given
//update
String userId1="ttx";
String country1="天堂";
Account account1=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId1);
account1.setCountry(country1);
//insert
String userId2=timfruitUserId;
String country2="中国";
Account account2=createTimFruitAccount();
account2.setCountry(country2);
List<Account> accountList=Arrays.asList(account1,account2);
//when
accountMapper.saveAccountBatch(accountList);
//then
account1=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId1);
Assert.assertEquals(country1, account1.getCountry());
account2=accountMapper.selectAccount(userId2);
Assert.assertEquals(country2, account2.getCountry());
}
}
四丶后记
1. 这里仅仅只是对java web 单元测试实践提供一种思路, 笔者尚未在真实项目中应用, 有可能存在一些坑, 如hsql对mysql的兼容性支持等.任重而道远
2. 单元测试要想实施方便, 主要思路是除去各种依赖
3. 多向优秀开源项目学习, 我所走之路, 前人早已开辟, 这其实也是看源码的一个好处
补充（2020-04-25）：
使用内存数据库兼容性不好，流程不变，将内存数据库改为docker运行数据库更为可行
人生没有彩排，每一天都是现场直播
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