引言
临近毕业季,想必很多今年毕业的朋友们最近都在焦头烂额地忙着撰写论文吧。那么如何高效地了解研究领域的热点问题,学习优秀论文解决问题的思路和方法呢?我们可以使用“知网”这个众所周知的平台来进行文献的检索与阅读。使用python可以更加有效地实现文献信息的爬取。通过快速浏览相关领域文献的基本信息,我们可以从中找出感兴趣的值得我们深入研究的文章再来进行精读,极大地提高了效率。
01 选择合适的待爬取网站
我们日常使用知网的网址为:https://www.cnki.net/。但是该网址难以获取网页源代码。右键“查看网页源代码”后会跳转到如下的页面:
但是,我们发现可以从知网空间获取网页源代码。知网空间是知网的一个搜索入口,常用于文献的快速检索,网址为:https://search.cnki.com.cn/。
02 目标页面分析
以“金融科技”为例,点击搜索,对页面进行分析,按F12选择Fetch/XHR。我们找到了如下发送的请求,且发现是以post方式发送。
且携带的参数为:‘searchType’: ‘MulityTermsSearch’, ‘Article Type’: ‘’, ‘ReSearch’: ‘’, ‘ParamIsNullOrEmpty’: ‘false’, ‘Islegal’: ‘false’, ‘Content’: ‘金融科技’, ‘Theme’: ‘’, ‘Title’: ‘’, ‘KeyWd’: ‘’, ‘Author’: ‘’, ‘SearchFund’: ‘’, ‘Originate’: ‘’, ‘Summary’: ‘’, ‘PublishTimeBegin’: ‘’, ‘PublishTimeEnd’: ‘’, ‘MapNumber’: ‘’, ‘Name’: ‘’, ‘Issn’: ‘’, ‘Cn’: ‘’, ‘Unit’: ‘’, ‘Public’: ‘’, ‘Boss’: ‘’, ‘FirstBoss’: ‘’, ‘Catalog’: ‘’, ‘Reference’: ‘’, ‘Speciality’: ‘’, ‘Type’: ‘’, ‘Subject’: ‘’, ‘SpecialityCode’: ‘’, ‘UnitCode’: ‘’, ‘Year’: ‘’, ‘AcefuthorFilter’: ‘’, ‘BossCode’: ‘’, ‘Fund’: ‘’, ‘Level’: ‘’, ‘Elite’: ‘’, ‘Organization’: ‘’, ‘Order’: ‘1’, ‘Page’: ‘1’, ‘PageIndex’: ‘’, ‘ExcludeField’: ‘’, ‘ZtCode’: ‘’, ‘Smarts’: ‘’,
03 获取相应内容
base_url = 'http://search.cnki.com.cn/Search/ListResult'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
}
def get_page_text(url, headers, search_word, page_num):
data = {
'searchType': 'MulityTermsSearch',
'ArticleType': '',
'ReSearch': '',
'ParamIsNullOrEmpty': 'false',
'Islegal': 'false',
'Content': search_word,
'Theme': '',
'Title': '',
'KeyWd': '',
'Author': '',
'SearchFund': '',
'Originate': '',
'Summary': '',
'PublishTimeBegin': '',
'PublishTimeEnd': '',
'MapNumber': '',
'Name': '',
'Issn': '',
'Cn': '',
'Unit': '',
'Public': '',
'Boss': '',
'FirstBoss': '',
'Catalog': '',
'Reference': '',
'Speciality': '',
'Type': '',
'Subject': '',
'SpecialityCode': '',
'UnitCode': '',
'Year': '',
'AcefuthorFilter': '',
'BossCode': '',
'Fund': '',
'Level': '',
'Elite': '',
'Organization': '',
'Order': '1',
'Page': str(page_num),
'PageIndex': '',
'ExcludeField': '',
'ZtCode': '',
'Smarts': '',
}
response = requests.post(url=url, headers=headers, data=data)
page_text = response.text
return page_text
04 解析内容
这里我们运用Xpath进行解析:
代码如下:
def list_to_str(my_list):
my_str = "".join(my_list)
return my_str
def get_abstract(url):
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
page_text = response.text
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
abstract = tree.xpath('//div[@class="xx_font"]//text()')
return abstract
def parse_page_text(page_text):
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
item_list = tree.xpath('//div[@class="list-item"]')
page_info = []
for item in item_list:
# 标题
title = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="tit clearfix"]/a[@class="left"]/@title'))
# 链接
link = 'https:' +\
list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="tit clearfix"]/a[@class="left"]/@href'))
# 作者
author = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="source"]/span[1]/@title'))
# 出版日期
date = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="source"]/span[last()-1]/text() | ./p[@class="source"]/a[2]/span[1]/text() '))
# 关键词
keywords = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./div[@class="info"]/p[@class="info_left left"]/a[1]/@data-key'))
# 摘要
abstract = list_to_str(get_abstract(url=link))
# 文献来源
paper_source = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="source"]/span[last()-2]/text() | ./p[@class="source"]/a[1]/span[1]/text() '))
# 文献类型
paper_type = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./p[@class="source"]/span[last()]/text()'))
# 下载量
download = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./div[@class="info"]/p[@class="info_right right"]/span[@class="time1"]/text()'))
# 被引量
refer = list_to_str(item.xpath(
'./div[@class="info"]/p[@class="info_right right"]/span[@class="time2"]/text()'))
item_info = [i.strip() for i in [title, author, paper_source, paper_type, date, abstract, keywords, download, refer, link]]
page_info.append(item_info)
print(page_info)
return page_info
运行结果如下:
05 保存数据
这里我们将数据保存至excel表格中,并且实现,每个搜索词都在单独的一个sheet中,具体代码如下:
def write_to_excel(workbook, info, search_word):
wb = workbook
worksheet1 = wb.add_worksheet(search_word) # 创建子表
worksheet1.activate() # 激活表
title = ['title', 'author', 'paper_source', 'paper_type', 'date', 'abstract', 'keywords', 'download', 'refer', 'link'] # 设置表头
worksheet1.write_row('A1', title) # 从A1单元格开始写入表头
i = 2 # 从第二行开始写入数据
for j in range(len(info)):
insert_data = info[j]
start_pos = 'A' + str(i)
# print(insert_data)
worksheet1.write_row(start_pos, insert_data)
i += 1
return True
06 结果展示
接着我们尝试爬取搜索词为“金融科技”和“数字经济”的前5页文献。
代码运行效果如下:
生成的excel表格如下:
以上就是小编带领大家爬取知网文献信息的全过程了,需要的小伙伴快动手演练一下吧~