要学习content-type,必须事先知道它到底是什么,是干什么用的。
HTTP协议(RFC2616)采用了请求/响应模型。客户端向服务器发送一个请求,请求头包含请求的方法、URI、协议版本、以及包含请求修饰符、客户 信息和内容的类似于MIME的消息结构。服务器以一个状态行作为响应,相应的内容包括消息协议的版本,成功或者错误编码加上包含服务器信息、实体元信息以 及可能的实体内容。
通常HTTP消息由一个起始行,一个或者多个头域,一个只是头域结束的空行和可选的消息体组成。HTTP的头域包括通用头,请求头,响应头和实体头四个部 分。每个头域由一个域名,冒号(:)和域值三部分组成。域名是大小写无关的,域 值前可以添加任何数量的空格符,头域可以被扩展为多行,在每行开始处,使用至少一个空格或制表符。
请求消息和响应消息都可以包含实体信息,实体信息一般由实体头域和实体组成。实体头域包含关于实体的原信息,实体头包括Allow、Content- Base、Content-Encoding、Content-Language、 Content-Length、Content-Location、Content-MD5、Content-Range、Content-Type、 Etag、Expires、Last-Modified、extension-header。
Content-Type是返回消息中非常重要的内容,表示后面的文档属于什么MIME类型。Content-Type: [type]/[subtype]; parameter。例如最常见的就是text/html,它的意思是说返回的内容是文本类型,这个文本又是HTML格式的。原则上浏览器会根据Content-Type来决定如何显示返回的消息体内容。
type有下面的形式。
Text:用于标准化地表示的文本信息,文本消息可以是多种字符集和或者多种格式的;
Multipart:用于连接消息体的多个部分构成一个消息,这些部分可以是不同类型的数据;
Application:用于传输应用程序数据或者二进制数据;
Message:用于包装一个E-mail消息;
Image:用于传输静态图片数据;
Audio:用于传输音频或者音声数据;
Video:用于传输动态影像数据,可以是与音频编辑在一起的视频数据格式。
subtype用于指定type的详细形式。content-type/subtype配对的集合和与此相关的参数,将随着时间而增长。为了确保这些值在一个有序而且公开的状态下开发,MIME使用Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)作为中心的注册机制来管理这些值。
parameter可以用来指定附加的信息,更多情况下是用于指定text/plain和text/htm等的文字编码方式的charset参数。MIME根据type制定了默认的subtype,当客户端不能确定消息的subtype的情况下,消息被看作默认的subtype进行处理。Text默认是text/plain,Application默认是application/octet-stream而Multipart默认情况下被看作multipart/mixed。
MIME定义在RFC-2046 MIME Part 2: Media Types 。
常用类型:
Mime Types By File Extension
Extension | Type/sub-type |
| application/octet-stream
|
323
| text/h323
|
acx
| application/internet-property-stream
|
ai
| application/postscript
|
aif
| audio/x-aiff
|
aifc
| audio/x-aiff
|
aiff
| audio/x-aiff
|
asf
| video/x-ms-asf
|
asr
| video/x-ms-asf
|
asx
| video/x-ms-asf
|
au
| audio/basic
|
avi
| video/x-msvideo
|
axs
| application/olescript
|
bas
| text/plain
|
bcpio
| application/x-bcpio
|
bin
| application/octet-stream
|
bmp
| image/bmp
|
c
| text/plain
|
cat
| application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat
|
cdf
| application/x-cdf
|
cer
| application/x-x509-ca-cert
|
class
| application/octet-stream
|
clp
| application/x-msclip
|
cmx
| image/x-cmx
|
cod
| image/cis-cod
|
cpio
| application/x-cpio
|
crd
| application/x-mscardfile
|
crl
| application/pkix-crl
|
crt
| application/x-x509-ca-cert
|
csh
| application/x-csh
|
css
| text/css
|
dcr
| application/x-director
|
der
| application/x-x509-ca-cert
|
dir
| application/x-director
|
dll
| application/x-msdownload
|
dms
| application/octet-stream
|
doc
| application/msword
|
dot
| application/msword
|
dvi
| application/x-dvi
|
dxr
| application/x-director
|
eps
| application/postscript
|
etx
| text/x-setext
|
evy
| application/envoy
|
exe
| application/octet-stream
|
fif
| application/fractals
|
flr
| x-world/x-vrml
|
gif
| image/gif
|
gtar
| application/x-gtar
|
gz
| application/x-gzip
|
h
| text/plain
|
hdf
| application/x-hdf
|
hlp
| application/winhlp
|
hqx
| application/mac-binhex40
|
hta
| application/hta
|
htc
| text/x-component
|
htm
| text/html
|
html
| text/html
|
htt
| text/webviewhtml
|
ico
| image/x-icon
|
ief
| image/ief
|
iii
| application/x-iphone
|
ins
| application/x-internet-signup
|
isp
| application/x-internet-signup
|
jfif
| image/pipeg
|
jpe
| image/jpeg
|
jpeg
| image/jpeg
|
jpg
| image/jpeg
|
js
| application/x-javascript
|
latex
| application/x-latex
|
lha
| application/octet-stream
|
lsf
| video/x-la-asf
|
lsx
| video/x-la-asf
|
lzh
| application/octet-stream
|
m13
| application/x-msmediaview
|
m14
| application/x-msmediaview
|
m3u
| audio/x-mpegurl
|
man
| application/x-troff-man
|
mdb
| application/x-msaccess
|
me
| application/x-troff-me
|
mht
| message/rfc822
|
mhtml
| message/rfc822
|
mid
| audio/mid
|
mny
| application/x-msmoney
|
mov
| video/quicktime
|
movie
| video/x-sgi-movie
|
mp2
| video/mpeg
|
mp3
| audio/mpeg
|
mpa
| video/mpeg
|
mpe
| video/mpeg
|
mpeg
| video/mpeg
|
mpg
| video/mpeg
|
mpp
| application/vnd.ms-project
|
mpv2
| video/mpeg
|
ms
| application/x-troff-ms
|
mvb
| application/x-msmediaview
|
nws
| message/rfc822
|
oda
| application/oda
|
p10
| application/pkcs10
|
p12
| application/x-pkcs12
|
p7b
| application/x-pkcs7-certificates
|
p7c
| application/x-pkcs7-mime
|
p7m
| application/x-pkcs7-mime
|
p7r
| application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp
|
p7s
| application/x-pkcs7-signature
|
pbm
| image/x-portable-bitmap
|
pdf
| application/pdf
|
pfx
| application/x-pkcs12
|
pgm
| image/x-portable-graymap
|
pko
| application/ynd.ms-pkipko
|
pma
| application/x-perfmon
|
pmc
| application/x-perfmon
|
pml
| application/x-perfmon
|
pmr
| application/x-perfmon
|
pmw
| application/x-perfmon
|
pnm
| image/x-portable-anymap
|
pot,
| application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
|
ppm
| image/x-portable-pixmap
|
pps
| application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
|
ppt
| application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
|
prf
| application/pics-rules
|
ps
| application/postscript
|
pub
| application/x-mspublisher
|
qt
| video/quicktime
|
ra
| audio/x-pn-realaudio
|
ram
| audio/x-pn-realaudio
|
ras
| image/x-cmu-raster
|
rgb
| image/x-rgb
|
rmi
| audio/mid
|
roff
| application/x-troff
|
rtf
| application/rtf
|
rtx
| text/richtext
|
scd
| application/x-msschedule
|
sct
| text/scriptlet
|
setpay
| application/set-payment-initiation
|
setreg
| application/set-registration-initiation
|
sh
| application/x-sh
|
shar
| application/x-shar
|
sit
| application/x-stuffit
|
snd
| audio/basic
|
spc
| application/x-pkcs7-certificates
|
spl
| application/futuresplash
|
src
| application/x-wais-source
|
sst
| application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore
|
stl
| application/vnd.ms-pkistl
|
stm
| text/html
|
svg
| image/svg+xml
|
sv4cpio
| application/x-sv4cpio
|
sv4crc
| application/x-sv4crc
|
swf
| application/x-shockwave-flash
|
t
| application/x-troff
|
tar
| application/x-tar
|
tcl
| application/x-tcl
|
tex
| application/x-tex
|
texi
| application/x-texinfo
|
texinfo
| application/x-texinfo
|
tgz
| application/x-compressed
|
tif
| image/tiff
|
tiff
| image/tiff
|
tr
| application/x-troff
|
trm
| application/x-msterminal
|
tsv
| text/tab-separated-values
|
txt
| text/plain
|
uls
| text/iuls
|
ustar
| application/x-ustar
|
vcf
| text/x-vcard
|
vrml
| x-world/x-vrml
|
wav
| audio/x-wav
|
wcm
| application/vnd.ms-works
|
wdb
| application/vnd.ms-works
|
wks
| application/vnd.ms-works
|
wmf
| application/x-msmetafile
|
wps
| application/vnd.ms-works
|
wri
| application/x-mswrite
|
wrl
| x-world/x-vrml
|
wrz
| x-world/x-vrml
|
xaf
| x-world/x-vrml
|
xbm
| image/x-xbitmap
|
xla
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xlc
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xlm
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xls
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xlt
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xlw
| application/vnd.ms-excel
|
xof
| x-world/x-vrml
|
xpm
| image/x-xpixmap
|
xwd
| image/x-xwindowdump
|
z
| application/x-compress
|
zip
| application/zip
|
对于IE6浏览器来说,如果Content-Type中的类型和实际的消息体类型不一致,那么它会根据内容中的类型来分析实际应该是什么类型,对于JPG、GIF等常用图片格式都可以正确的识别出来,而不管Content-Type中写的是什么。
如果Content-Type中指定的是浏览器可以直接打开的类型,那么浏览器就会直接打开其内容显示出来,如果是被关联到其它应用程序的类型,这时就要
查找注册表中关于这种类型的注册情况,如果是允许直接打开而不需要询问的,就会直接调出这个关联的应用程序来打开这个文件,但如果是不允许直接打开的,就
会询问是否打开。对于没有关联到任何应用程序的类型,IE浏览器不知道它该如何打开,此时IE6就会把它当成XML来尝试打开。
如果要想实现文件下载,可以在http的头中加入:
fprintf( file, "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename=\"%s\" \r\n", fileName);
经过测试,html,pdf,gif等原来在网页中打开的文件都可以正常实现下载。
reference:
http://tech.ccidnet.com/art/3539/20070727/1157895_1.html