推文：如何正确使用 Django的User Model
可以使用has_perm方法获取用户是否有这个权限
（二）Django自定义权限
（1）添加表
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser,PermissionsMixin
#BaseUserManager 用户管理基类，用于创建用户
#AbstractBaseUser 抽象类，声明一些必须字段，不会自己生产表，继承的子类才会，主要内容:class Meta abstract=True
#PermissionMixin 权限管理类，也是抽象类
)
class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager): #用于创建用户，需要在settings文件中声明
def create_user(self, email, name, password=None):
"""
Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
if not email:
raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
user = self.model(
email=self.normalize_email(email),
name=name,
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
def create_superuser(self, email, name, password):
"""
Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
user = self.create_user(
email,
password=password,
name=name,
)
user.is_superuser = True
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
class UserProfile(AbstractBaseUser,PermissionsMixin):
email = models.EmailField(
verbose_name='email address',
max_length=255,
unique=True,
)
name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
is_staff = models.BooleanField(default=True)
# is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False) #其中is_admin没有作用，is_superuser才是设置超级用户
role = models.ManyToManyField("Role",blank=True) #,null=Truenull has no effect on ManyToManyField.,null对于manytomanyfield无作用，会报警
objects = MyUserManager() #用户管理类和自定义用户表关联
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['name']
def __str__(self):
return self.email
def get_full_name(self):
return self.email
def get_short_name(self):
return self.email
class Meta:
permissions = ( #用于管理权限条目
('自定义权限名','解释'),
)
（2）settings文件中设置
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'repository.UserProfile' #上面的值表示Django应用的名称（必须位于INSTALLLED_APPS中）和你想使用的User模型的名称。
（3）在admin文件中设置展示内容
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField
from repository.models import UserProfile
class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm): #创建时显示的表单信息
"""A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
fields, plus a repeated password."""
password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
class Meta:
model = UserProfile
fields = ('email', 'name')
def clean_password2(self): #对字段进行验证
# Check that the two password entries match
password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
return password2
def save(self, commit=True):
# Save the provided password in hashed format
user = super().save(commit=False)
user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
if commit:
user.save()
return user
class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm): #修改时显示的表单信息
"""A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on
the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
password hash display field.
"""
password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField() #密码字段显示时是hash加密只读字段
class Meta:
model = UserProfile
fields = ('email', 'password', 'name', 'is_active', 'is_superuser')
def clean_password(self):
# Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
# This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
# field does not have access to the initial value
return self.initial["password"]
class UserProfileAdmin(BaseUserAdmin): #用于注册的表类
# The forms to add and change user instances
form = UserChangeForm
add_form = UserCreationForm
# The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
# These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
# that reference specific fields on auth.User.
list_display = ('email', 'name', 'is_superuser')
list_filter = ('is_superuser',)
fieldsets = ( #用于修改
(None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
('Personal info', {'fields': ('name',)}),
('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_active','is_staff','is_superuser','role','user_permissions','groups',)}),
)
# add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
# overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
add_fieldsets = ( #用于添加
(None, {
'classes': ('wide',),
'fields': ('email', 'name', 'password1', 'password2')}
),
)
search_fields = ('email',)
ordering = ('email',)
filter_horizontal = ('role','user_permissions',)
# Now register the new UserAdmin...
admin.site.register(UserProfile, UserProfileAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
admin.site.unregister(Group)
二：通用权限框架设计
（一）业务场景分析（如何去实现将不同权限分配给用户）
python---CRM用户关系管理
（二）权限管理分析
主要实现：将权限列表定义出来，与角色（用户组）相互关联就可以
权限列表实现：
（三）实现方法
（1）定义权限列表文件，将权限列表定义。设置为装饰器，根据每个用户访问的url去反解，获取到对应的权限列表名，从而去数据库中获取，使用has_prem获取是否拥有权限。从而在用户访问url时进行判断
permission_list.py（这部分最好是放入数据库中，可以改进）
from kingadmin import permission_hook
perm_dict = {
'repository_table_obj_list':['table_obj_list',"GET",[],{},permission_hook.view_my_own_customers],
#第一个是url_name,第二个是访问方式，第三个是访问参数必须有的字段，第四个是字段中必须是指定的值，第五个是钩子函数，是对第三，第四参数的补充，实现动态验证
'repository_table_obj_change_view':['table_obj_change',"GET",[],{}],
'repository_table_obj_change': ['table_obj_change', "POST", [], {}],
'repository_table_obj_add_view': ['table_obj_add', "GET", [], {}],
'repository_table_obj_add': ['table_obj_add', "POST", [], {}],
'repository_table_obj_delete_view': ['table_obj_delete', "GET", [], {}],
'repository_table_obj_delete': ['table_obj_delete', "POST", [], {}],
}
from django.conf.urls import url
from kingadmin import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r"^login.html$",views.acc_login),
url(r"^logout.html$", views.acc_logout,name="logout"),
url(r"^$",views.app_index),
url(r"^(\w+)/(\w+)/$",views.table_obj_list,name="table_obj_list"),
url(r"^(\w+)/(\w+)/(\d+)/change/$", views.table_obj_change, name="table_obj_change"),
url(r"^(\w+)/(\w+)/add/$", views.table_obj_add, name="table_obj_add"),
url(r"^(\w+)/(\w+)/(\d+)/delete/$", views.table_obj_delete, name="table_obj_delete"),
]
urls文件，可以知道对应的url_name
resolve方法可以翻转获取url的数据
（2）permission文件，用于生成装饰器，验证权限列表
from .permission_list import perm_dict
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse
#对权限进行检测
def perm_check(*args,**kwargs):
request = args[0]
resolve_url_obj = resolve(request.path) #1，获取当前请求的url
current_url_name = resolve_url_obj.url_name #2，把url解析成url_name
match_results = [None,]
match_key = None
if request.user.is_authenticated() is False: #3，进行用户登录验证
return redirect(settings.LOGIN_URL)
for permssion_key,permssion_val in perm_dict.items():
#从权限列表中获取url信息，以及钩子函数（重点）
per_url_name = permssion_val[0]
per_method = permssion_val[1]
per_args = permssion_val[2]
per_kargs = permssion_val[3]
per_hook_name = permssion_val[4] if len(permssion_val) > 4 else None
if per_url_name == current_url_name: #4.匹配url_name
if per_method == request.method: #5.匹配访问方法
args_matched = False #用于匹配参数args，一次参数失败，则失败
request_method_dict = getattr(request, per_method)
for item in per_args: #6.匹配参数
if request_method_dict.get(item,None):
args_matched = True
else:
args_matched = False
break #一次匹配不上，就跳出
else: #当不存在参数，列表为空时
args_matched = True
kwargs_matched = False #用于匹配特定的参数
for k,v in per_kargs.items(): #7.匹配指定参数值
arg_val = request_method_dict.get(k,None)
if arg_val == str(v):
kwargs_matched = True
else:
kwargs_matched = False
else:
kwargs_matched = True
hook_matched = False
if per_hook_name: #8.匹配钩子函数
hook_matched = per_hook_name(request)
else:
hook_matched = True
match_results = [args_matched,kwargs_matched,hook_matched]
if all(match_results): #9.都匹配了 全局验证，获取了权限名，用于下面数据库查询
match_key = permssion_key
break
if match_key:
app_name,*per_name = match_key.split("_")
perm_obj = "%s.%s"%(app_name,match_key)
if request.user.has_perm(perm_obj): #10.数据库查看用户是否被分配该权限
print("当前用户有权限")
return True
else:
print("当前用户没有权限")
return False
else:
print("未匹配到权限项，当前用户没有权限")
return False
#装饰器函数
def check_permission(func):
def inner(*args,**kwargs):
if not perm_check(*args,**kwargs):
request = args[0]
return render(request,"kingadmin/page_403.html")
return func(*args,**kwargs)
return inner
总结：
def perm_check(*args,**kwargs):
1.获取当前请求的url，使用resolve解析获取url_name
2.匹配用户是否登录，使用user.is_authenticated方法
3.使用url_name去权限列表permission_list文件中的权限列表中去匹配权限项
4.将权限项解析分为，per_url_name(权限url_name),per_method (url访问方法),per_args (获取的参数名),per_kargs (获取的参数值，字典),per_hook_name (获取的权限钩子函数)
5.验证了上面的几部分，获取了权限名，然后去数据库中获取当前用户是否拥有该权限，使用user.has_perm(权限名<注意：权限名是由数据表应用加上权限名>)
（3）钩子函数案例（使当前用户只能访问自己的客户）
def view_my_own_customers(request):
if str(request.user.id) == request.GET.get('consultant'):
return True
else:
return False
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