一、微服务架构

  1. 什么是分布式?
    不同模块部署在不同服务器上。
    作用:分布式解决网站高并发带来问题。
  2. 什么是集群?
    多台服务器部署相同应用构成一个集群。
    作用:通过负载均衡设备共同对外提供服务。
  3. 什么是RPC?
    RPC 的全称是 Remote Procedure Call 是一种进程间通信方式。
    它允许程序调用另一个地址空间(通常是共享网络的另一台机器上)的过程或函数,而不用程序员显式编码这个远程调用的细节。即无论是调用本地接口/服务的还是远程的接口/服务,本质上编写的调用代码基本相同。
    比如两台服务器A,B,一个应用部署在A服务器上,想要调用B服务器上应用提供的函数或者方法,由于不在一个内存空间,不能直接调用,这时候需要通过就可以应用RPC框架的实现来解决。
  1. restful、soap、rpc理解:
  1. RESTful是一种架构设计风格,提供了设计原则和约束条件,而不是架构。而满足这些约束条件和原则的应用程序或设计就是 RESTful架构或服务。
  2. SOAP,简单对象访问协议是一种数据交换协议规范,
    是一种轻量的、简单的、基于XML的协议的规范。SOAP协议和HTTP协议一样,都是底层的通信协议,只是请求包的格式不同而已,SOAP包是XML格式的。
    SOAP的消息是基于xml并封装成了符合http协议,因此,它符合任何路由器、 防火墙或代理服务器的要求。
    soap可以使用任何语言来完成,只要发送正确的soap请求即可,基于soap的服务可以在任何平台无需修改即可正常使用。
  3. RPC就是从一台机器(客户端)上通过参数传递的方式调用另一台机器(服务器)上的一个函数或方法(可以统称为服务)并得到返回的结果。
    RPC 会隐藏底层的通讯细节(不需要直接处理Socket通讯或Http通讯)
    RPC 是一个请求响应模型。客户端发起请求,服务器返回响应(类似于Http的工作方式)
    RPC 在使用形式上像调用本地函数(或方法)一样去调用远程的函数(或方法)。
  1. 几种比较典型的RPC的实现和调用框架 :
  1. RMI实现,利用java.rmi包实现,基于Java远程方法协议(Java Remote Method Protocol) 和java的原生序列化。
  2. Hessian,是一个轻量级的remoting onhttp工具,使用简单的方法提供了RMI的功能。 基于HTTP协议,采用二进制编解码。
  3. thrift是一种可伸缩的跨语言服务的软件框架。thrift允许你定义一个描述文件,描述数据类型和服务接口。依据该文件,编译器方便地生成RPC客户端和服务器通信代码。
  4. Dubbo是阿里巴巴公司开源的一个高性能优秀的高性能、轻量级的开源Java RPC框架,使得应用可通过高性能的 RPC 实现服务的输出和输入功能,可以和Spring框架无缝集成,它提供了三大核心能力:面向接口的远程方法调用,智能容错和负载均衡,以及服务自动注册和发现。
  5. SpringCloud 为开发人员提供了快速构建分布式系统的一些工具,包括配置管理、服务发现、断路器、路由、微代理、事件总线、全局锁、决策竞选、分布式会话等等。
  1. 什么是SOA?
    业务系统分解为多个组件,让每个组件都独立提供离散,自治,可复用的服务能力。
    通过服务的组合和编排来实现上层的业务流程。
    作用:简化维护,降低整体风险,伸缩灵活。
  2. 什么是微服务?
    架构设计概念,各服务间隔离(分布式也是隔离),自治(分布式依赖整体组合)其它特性(单一职责,边界,异步通信,独立部署)是分布式概念的更严格执行。
    作用:各服务可独立应用,组合服务也可系统应用(巨石应用[monolith]的简化实现策略-平台思想)
  3. 使用RPC http技术实现简单会员与订单系统通讯:
  1. 创建会员项目SpringCloud-Member:
<parent>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
      <version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</parent>

<dependencies>
 <!-- spring boot test -->
 <dependency>
     <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
     <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
 </dependency>
</dependencies>

<build>
 <plugins>
     <plugin>
         <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
         <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
     </plugin>
 </plugins>
</build>
package chauncy.contorller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import chauncy.entity.UserEntity;
import chauncy.service.UserServcie;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/userApi")
public class UserApiController {
	
	@Autowired
	private UserServcie userService;
	
	@RequestMapping("/getUser")
	public UserEntity getUser(Integer userId){
		return userService.getUser(userId);
	}
}
package chauncy.service;

import java.util.List;

import chauncy.entity.UserEntity;


public interface UserServcie {
	
	public List<UserEntity> getAllUser();
	
	public UserEntity getUser(Integer id);
}
package chauncy.service.impl;

import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import chauncy.dao.UserDao;
import chauncy.entity.UserEntity;
import chauncy.service.UserServcie;

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserServcie{
	
	@Autowired
	private UserDao userDao;
	
	@Override
	public List<UserEntity> getAllUser(){
		return userDao.getAllUser();
	}
	
	@Override
	public UserEntity getUser(Integer id){
		List<UserEntity> userList=getAllUser();
		for(UserEntity user : userList){
			if(user.getId() == id){
				return user;
			}
		}
		return null;
	}
}
package chauncy.dao;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import chauncy.entity.UserEntity;

@Component
public class UserDao {
	
	public List<UserEntity>  getAllUser(){
		List<UserEntity> userList=new ArrayList<UserEntity>();
		for (int i = 0; i <= 20; i++) {
			userList.add(new UserEntity(i, "name:"+i));
		}
		return userList;
	}
}
package chauncy.entity;

public class UserEntity {
	
	private Integer id;
	private String name;
	
	public UserEntity(Integer id, String name) {
		super();
		this.id = id;
		this.name = name;
	}
	
	public UserEntity() {
		super();
	}

	public Integer getId() {
		return id;
	}
	public void setId(Integer id) {
		this.id = id;
	}
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
}
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args){
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
}
server:
    context-path: /member
  1. 创建订单项目SpringCloud-Order:
<parent>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
	<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</parent>

<dependencies>
	<!-- spring boot test -->
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
		<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
		<version>4.5.10</version>
	</dependency>
</dependencies>

<build>
	<plugins>
		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
		</plugin>
	</plugins>
</build>
package chauncy.controller;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class OrderController {
	
	@RequestMapping("/getOrderUserId")
	public String getOrderUserId(Integer userId) {
		String result = get("http://www.chauncywang.com:8080/member/userApi/getUser?userId="+userId);
		return result;
	}
	
	/**
	 * 发送 get请求
	 */
	public String get(String url) {
		CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
		try {
			// 创建httpget.
			HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);
			System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());
			// 执行get请求.
			CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
			try {
				// 获取响应实体
				HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
				System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
				// 打印响应状态
				System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
				if (entity != null) {
					// 打印响应内容长度
					System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
					String result = EntityUtils.toString(entity);
					// 打印响应内容
					System.out.println("Response content: " + result);
					return result;
				}
				System.out.println("------------------------------------");
			} finally {
				response.close();
			}
		} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			// 关闭连接,释放资源
			try {
				httpclient.close();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return null;
	}
}
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class App {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
}
server:
    context-path: /order
    port: 8081

二、SpringCloud

SpringCloud 为开发人员提供了快速构建分布式系统的一些工具,包括配置管理、服务发现、断路器、路由、微代理、事件总线、全局锁、决策竞选、分布式会话等等。它运行环境简单,可以在开发人员的电脑上跑。另外说明spring cloud是基于Springboot的,所以需要开发中对Springboot有一定的了解。
SpringCloud底层是基于HttpClient的,只不过做了一些封装。

三、服务的注册与发现(Eureka)

Eureka是SpringCloud内置的注册中心,其它可以做注册中心的有:Zookeeper、Redis等。

  1. 服务注册:
<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
    <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
    <java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <!--eureka server -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <!-- spring boot test -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>Dalston.RC1</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-milestones</id>
        <name>Spring Milestones</name>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
        <snapshots>
            <enabled>false</enabled>
        </snapshots>
    </repository>
</repositories>
package chauncy.app;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class EurekaServer {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(EurekaServer.class, args);
	}
}
server:
  port: 8888
eureka:
  instance:
    hostname: localhost
  client:
    registerWithEureka: false #是否将自身注册
    fetchRegistry: false #如果为true,启动时报警
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://${eureka.instance.hostname}:${server.port}/eureka/
  1. 服务提供者:
<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
    <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
    <java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>Dalston.RC1</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-milestones</id>
        <name>Spring Milestones</name>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
        <snapshots>
            <enabled>false</enabled>
        </snapshots>
    </repository>
</repositories>
package chauncy.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class EurekaClientController {

	@Value("${server.port}")
	String port;

	@RequestMapping("/client")
	public String client(@RequestParam String name) {
		return "name:" + name + ",from port:" + port;
	}

}
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class ServerApplication {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(ServerApplication.class, args);
	}
	
}
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://www.chauncywang.com:8888/eureka/
server:
  port: 8999
spring:
  application:
    name: SpringCloud-EurekaClient

四、服务消费者(rest+ribbon)

在微服务架构中,业务都会被拆分成一个独立的服务,服务与服务的通讯是基于http restful的。Spring cloud有两种服务调用方式,一种是ribbon+restTemplate,另一种是feign。

  1. 什么是ribbon?
    ribbon是一个负载均衡客户端,可以很好的控制http和tcp的一些行为。Feign默认集成了ribbon。
  2. 使用ribbon+restTemplate搭建消费者模型:
<parent>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
	<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
	<relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

<properties>
	<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
	<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
	<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-ribbon</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>

	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
		<scope>test</scope>
	</dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencyManagement>
	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
			<version>Dalston.RC1</version>
			<type>pom</type>
			<scope>import</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<build>
	<plugins>
		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
		</plugin>
	</plugins>
</build>

<repositories>
	<repository>
		<id>spring-milestones</id>
		<name>Spring Milestones</name>
		<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
		<snapshots>
			<enabled>false</enabled>
		</snapshots>
	</repository>
</repositories>
package chauncy.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import chauncy.service.RibbonService;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/ribbon")
public class RibbonController {
	
	@Autowired
	RibbonService ribbonService;
	
	@RequestMapping("/index")
	public String index(@RequestParam String name){
		return ribbonService.indexLoad(name);
	}
}
package chauncy.service;

public interface RibbonService {
	
	public String indexLoad(String name);
}
package chauncy.service.impl;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

import chauncy.service.RibbonService;

@Service
public class RibbonServiceImpl implements RibbonService{
	
	@Autowired
	RestTemplate restTemplate;
	
	public String indexLoad(String name) {
		return restTemplate.getForObject("http://SPRINGCLOUD-EUREKACLIENT/client?name="+name, String.class);
	}

}
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
	
	@Bean
	@LoadBalanced
	RestTemplate restTemplate() {
		return new RestTemplate();
	}

}
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://www.chauncywang.com:8888/eureka/
server:
  port: 8666
spring:
  application:
    name: SpringCloud-Ribbon

五、服务消费者(Feign)

  1. 什么是Feign?
    Feign是一个声明式的伪Http客户端,它使得写Http客户端变得更简单。使用Feign,只需要创建一个接口并注解。它具有可插拔的注解特性,可使用Feign 注解和JAX-RS注解。Feign支持可插拔的编码器和解码器。Feign默认集成了Ribbon,并和Eureka结合,默认实现了负载均衡的效果。
    简而言之:
  1. Feign 采用的是基于接口的注解。
  2. Feign 整合了ribbon。
  1. 使用Feign搭建消费者模型:
<parent>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
	<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
	<relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

<properties>
	<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
	<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
	<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-feign</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>

	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
		<scope>test</scope>
	</dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencyManagement>
	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
			<version>Dalston.RC1</version>
			<type>pom</type>
			<scope>import</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<build>
	<plugins>
		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
		</plugin>
	</plugins>
</build>

<repositories>
	<repository>
		<id>spring-milestones</id>
		<name>Spring Milestones</name>
		<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
		<snapshots>
			<enabled>false</enabled>
		</snapshots>
	</repository>
</repositories>
package chuancy.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import chuancy.service.FeignService;

@RestController
public class IndexController {
	
	@Autowired
	private FeignService feignService;
	
	@RequestMapping("/index")
	public String index(String name){
		return feignService.client(name);
	}
}
package chuancy.service;

import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;

@FeignClient("SpringCloud-EurekaClient")
public interface FeignService {
	
	@RequestMapping("/client")
	public String client(@RequestParam("name")String name);
}
package chuancy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.EnableFeignClients;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableFeignClients
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
}
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://www.chauncywang.com:8888/eureka/
server:
  port: 8777
spring:
  application:
    name: SpringCloud-Feign

六、Hystrix断路器

在微服务架构中,根据业务来拆分成一个个的服务,服务与服务之间可以相互调用(RPC),在Spring Cloud可以用RestTemplate+Ribbon和Feign来调用。为了保证其高可用,单个服务通常会集群部署。由于网络原因或者自身的原因,服务并不能保证100%可用,如果单个服务出现问题,调用这个服务就会出现线程阻塞,此时若有大量的请求涌入,Servlet容器的线程资源会被消耗完毕,导致服务瘫痪。服务与服务之间的依赖性,故障会传播,会对整个微服务系统造成灾难性的严重后果,这就是服务故障的“雪崩”效应。为了解决这个问题,业界提出了断路器模型。

  1. 什么是Hystrix?
    Netflix开源了Hystrix组件,实现了断路器模式,SpringCloud对这一组件进行了整合。 在微服务架构中,一个请求需要调用多个服务是非常常见的,如下图:

    较底层的服务如果出现故障,会导致连锁故障。当对特定的服务的调用的不可用达到一个阀值(Hystric 是5秒20次) 断路器将会被打开。

    断路打开后,可用避免连锁故障,fallback方法可以直接返回一个固定值。
  2. 在ribbon使用断路器:
    改造SpringCloud-Ribbon项目
  1. 引入Hystrix依赖:
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
  1. 改造service和启动类:
package chauncy.service.impl;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;

import chauncy.service.RibbonService;

@Service
public class RibbonServiceImpl implements RibbonService{
	
	@Autowired
	RestTemplate restTemplate;
	
	@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod="error")
	public String indexLoad(String name) {
		return restTemplate.getForObject("http://SPRINGCLOUD-EUREKACLIENT/client?name="+name, String.class);
	}
	
	public String error(String name){
		return "参数为:"+name+",调用SPRINGCLOUD-EUREKACLIENT失败!";
	}
}
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableHystrix
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
	
	@Bean
	@LoadBalanced
	RestTemplate restTemplate() {
		return new RestTemplate();
	}

}
  1. 在Feign中使用断路器:
    Feign是自带断路器的,在D版本的Spring Cloud中,它没有默认打开。需要在配置文件中配置打开它,在配置文件加以下代码:
    feign.hystrix.enabled=true
    基于SpringCloud-Feign工程进行改造,只需要在FeignClient的FeignService接口的注解中加上fallback的指定类就行了:
package chuancy.service;

import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;

@FeignClient(value="SpringCloud-EurekaClient",fallback=FeignServiceHystrix.class)
public interface FeignService {
	
	@RequestMapping("/client")
	public String client(@RequestParam("name")String name);
}
  1. FeignServiceHystrix需要实现FeignService接口,并注入到Ioc容器中,代码如下:
package chuancy.service;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class FeignServiceHystrix implements FeignService{

	@Override
	public String client(String name) {
		return "feign-->name:"+name+"系统错误,调用接口失败!";
	}

}
  1. 在配置文件application.yml中增加feign.hystrix.enabled=true:
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://www.chauncywang.com:8888/eureka/
server:
  port: 8777
spring:
  application:
    name: SpringCloud-Feign
feign:
  hystrix:
    enabled: true
  1. Hystrix Dashboard (断路器:Hystrix 仪表盘)
    基于SpringCloud-Ribbon改造,SpringCloud-Feign的改造相同。
    首选在pom.xml引入起步依赖:
<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>

<dependency>
	<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>
  1. 在主程序启动类中加入@EnableHystrixDashboard注解,开启hystrixDashboard:
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableHystrix
@EnableHystrixDashboard
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
	
	@Bean
	@LoadBalanced
	RestTemplate restTemplate() {
		return new RestTemplate();
	}

}
  1. 打开浏览器:访问http://localhost:8666/hystrix,界面如下:
    点击monitor stream,进入下一个界面,访问:
    http://localhost:8666/ribbon/index?name=chauncy 此时会出现监控界面:

七、使用Zuul构建API Gateway

  1. 什么是API Gateway?
    在Spring Cloud微服务系统中,一种常见的负载均衡方式是,客户端的请求首先经过负载均衡(zuul、Ngnix),再到达服务网关(zuul集群),然后再到具体的服务。
  2. 什么是Zuul?
  1. 定义:
    英:Routing in an integral part of a microservice architecture. For example, / may be mapped to your web application, /api/users is mapped to the user service and /api/shop is mapped to the shop service. Zuul is a JVM based router and server side load balancer by Netflix.
    译:路由在微服务架构的一个组成部分。 例如,/可以映射到您的Web应用程序,/ api / users映射到用户服务,并且/ api / shop映射到商店服务。 Zuul是Netflix的基于JVM的路由器和服务器端负载均衡器。
  2. 其功能包括:
  1. 验证
  2. 见解
  3. 压力测试
  4. 金丝雀测试
  5. 动态路由
  6. 服务迁移
  7. 减载
  8. 安全
  9. 静态响应处理
  10. 主动/主动流量管理
  1. Zuul的规则引擎允许规则和过滤器基本上用任何JVM语言编写,内置支持Java和Groovy。
  1. 搭建SpringCloud-Zuul工程:
    pom.xml:
<parent>
	<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
	<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
	<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
	<relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

<properties>
	<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
	<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
	<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-zuul</artifactId>
	</dependency>
	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
	</dependency>

	<dependency>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
		<scope>test</scope>
	</dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencyManagement>
	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
			<version>Dalston.RC1</version>
			<type>pom</type>
			<scope>import</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<build>
	<plugins>
		<plugin>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
		</plugin>
	</plugins>
</build>

<repositories>
	<repository>
		<id>spring-milestones</id>
		<name>Spring Milestones</name>
		<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
		<snapshots>
			<enabled>false</enabled>
		</snapshots>
	</repository>
</repositories>
  1. 启动类App.java:
package chauncy;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.EnableZuulProxy;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableZuulProxy
public class App {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
	}
}
  1. 配置文件application.yml:
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://www.chauncywang.com:8888/eureka/
server:
  port: 8678
spring:
  application:
    name: SpringCloud-Zuul
zuul:
  routes:
    api-a:
     path: /api-a/**
     service-id: SpringCloud-Ribbon
    api-b:
     path: /api-b/**
     service-id: SpringCloud-Feign
  1. 服务过滤:
    zuul不仅只是路由,并且还能过滤,做一些安全验证。
    在上面搭建的工程中引入代码:
package chauncy.filter;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import com.netflix.zuul.ZuulFilter;
import com.netflix.zuul.context.RequestContext;

/**   
 * @classDesc: 功能描述(使用Zuul实现服务过滤)  
 * @author: ChauncyWang  
 * @version: 1.0  
 */  
@Component
public class MyFilter extends ZuulFilter {

	private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyFilter.class);
	
	/**
	 * filterType:返回一个字符串代表过滤器的类型,在zuul中定义了四种不同生命周期的过滤器类型,具体如下: 
	 * 1.pre:路由之前。
	 * 2.routing:路由之时。
	 * 3.post: 路由之后。
	 * 4.error:发送错误调用。
	 */
	@Override
	public String filterType() {
		return "pre";
	}
	
	/**
	 * filterOrder:过滤的顺序。
	 */
	@Override
	public int filterOrder() {
		return 0;
	}
	
	/**
	 * shouldFilter:这里可以写逻辑判断,是否要过滤。代码采用return true;表永远过滤。
	 */
	@Override
	public boolean shouldFilter() {
		return true;
	}
	
	/**
	 * run:过滤器的具体逻辑。可用很复杂,包括查sql、nosql去判断该请求到底有没有权限访问。
	 */
	@Override
	public Object run() {
		RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
		HttpServletRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
		log.info(String.format("%s >>> %s", request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURL().toString()));
		Object accessToken = request.getParameter("token");
		if (accessToken == null) {
			log.warn("token is empty");
			ctx.setSendZuulResponse(false);
			ctx.setResponseStatusCode(401);
			try {
				ctx.getResponse().getWriter().write("token is empty");
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}

			return null;
		}
		log.info("ok");
		return null;
	}
}

八、分布式配置中心

分布式配置中心(Spring Cloud Config),在分布式系统中,由于服务数量巨多,为了方便服务配置文件统一管理,实时更新,所以需要分布式配置中心组件。在Spring Cloud中,有分布式配置中心组件spring cloud config ,它支持配置服务放在配置服务的内存中(即本地),也支持放在远程Git仓库中。在spring cloud config 组件中,分两个角色,一是config server,二是config client。